short-term-free-floating-slice-cultures-from-the-adult-human-brain

Short-Term Free-Floating Slice Cultures from the Adult Human Brain

Organotypic, or slice cultures, have been widely employed to model aspects of the central nervous system functioning in vitro. Despite the potential of ...

University of São Paulo

Wet dog shakes (WDS) and head shakes (HS) are associated with experimentally induced convulsive seizures. We sought to determine whether these behaviors are correlated or not with major (status epilepticus (SE) or fully kindled animals) or minor (non-SE or partially kindled animals) seizure severity. WDS are directly correlated with SE induced by intracerebral star fruit extract (Averrhoa carambola) injection and with kindled animals in the amygdala fast kindling model. On the other hand, WDS are inversely correlated with SE induced by intracerebral bicuculline and pilocarpine injections. Systemic pilocarpine in animals pretreated with methyl-scopolamine barely induced WDS or HS. The role of shaking behaviors may vary from ictal to anticonvulsant depending on the experimental seizure model, circuitries involved, and stimulus intensity. The physical presence of acrylic helmets may per se inhibit the HS response. Also, methyl-scopolamine, a drug incapable of crossing the blood-brain barrier, can induce HS in animals without acrylic helmets.

Correlation between shaking behaviors and seizure severity in five animal models of convulsive seizures.

Zinc is present in high concentration in many structures of the limbic circuitry, however the role of zinc as a neuromodulator in such synapses is still uncertain. In this work, we verified the effects of zinc chelation in an animal model of epileptogenesis induced by amygdala rapid kindling. The basolateral amygdala was electrically stimulated ten times per day for 2 days. A single stimulus was applied on the third day. Stimulated animals received injections of PBS or the zinc chelator diethildythiocarbamate acid (DEDTC) before each stimulus series. Animals were monitored with video-EEG and were perfused 3h after the last stimulus for subsequent neo-Timm and Fluoro-Jade B analysis. Zinc chelation decreased the duration of both behavioral seizures and electrical after-discharges, and also decreased the EEG spikes frequency, without changing the progression of behavioral seizure severity. These results indicate that the zinc ion may have a facilitatory role during kindling progression.

Chelatable zinc modulates excitability and seizure duration in the amygdala rapid kindling model.

Bithalamic compromise in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following H1N1 influenza vaccine.

&#x76EE;&#x7684;: &#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x7684;&#x76EE;&#x7684;&#x662F;&#x786E;&#x5B9A;&#x89C2;&#x5BDF;&#x662F;&#x5426;&#x7C7B;&#x4F3C;&#x7684;&#x808C;&#x8089;&#x5F3A;&#x5EA6;&#x548C;&#x80A5;&#x539A;&#x53CD;&#x5E94;&#x540E;&#x4F4E;&#x5F3A;&#x5EA6;&#x62B5;&#x6297;&#x8FD0;&#x52A8;&#x4E0E;&#x6E29;&#x548C;&#x7684;&#x8840;&#x6D41;&#x91CF;&#x9650;&#x5236;&#x5173;&#x8054;&#x6216;&#x9AD8;&#x5F3A;&#x5EA6;&#x62B5;&#x6297;&#x8FD0;&#x52A8;&#x662F;&#x7C7B;&#x4F3C;&#x4FE1;&#x53F7;&#x8F6C;&#x5BFC;&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x808C;&#x8089;&#x751F;&#x957F;&#x6291;&#x5236;&#x7D20; (MSTN) &#x6240;&#x9009;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x7684;&#x8868;&#x8FBE;&#x53D8;&#x5316;&#x4E0E;&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x8054;&#x3002;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;:: &#x4E8C;&#x5341;&#x4E5D;&#x4E2A;&#x4F53;&#x529B;&#x6D3B;&#x52A8;&#x7537;&#x6027;&#x5B66;&#x79D1;&#x88AB;&#x5206;&#x4E3A;&#x4E09;&#x7EC4;&#xFF1A; &#x4F4E;&#x5F3A;&#x5EA6; &#xFF08;20 %1-RM) &#x963B;&#x529B;&#x8BAD;&#x7EC3;&#xFF1A; &#x674E; (n = 10&#xFF09; &#xFF1B;&#x4F4E;&#x5F3A;&#x5EA6; &#xFF08;20 %1-RM) &#x8010;&#x529B;&#x8BAD;&#x7EC3;&#x4E0E;&#x6E29;&#x548C;&#x7684;&#x8840;&#x6D41;&#x91CF;&#x9650;&#x5236;&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x8054;&#xFF1A; LIR &#xFF08;n = 10&#xFF09; &#xFF1B;&#x548C;&#x9AD8;&#x5F3A;&#x5EA6; (80 %1-RM) &#x963B;&#x529B;&#x8BAD;&#x7EC3;&#xFF1A; HI (n = 9)&#x3002;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x7EC4;&#x672F;&#x540E; 8 &#x5468;&#x7684;&#x57F9;&#x8BAD;&#x8BA1;&#x5212;&#x3002;&#x6700;&#x5927;&#x7684;&#x52A8;&#x6001;&#x819D;&#x5173;&#x8282;&#x6269;&#x5C55;&#x5F3A;&#x5EA6; (1-RM)&#x3001; &#x80A1;&#x56DB;&#x5934;&#x808C;&#x622A;&#x9762;&#x79EF; (CSA) MSTN&#xFF0C;&#x4E24;&#x79CD;&#x5375;&#x6CE1;&#x6837;&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x57FA;&#x56E0; (FLST&#x3001; FLST-3)&#x3001; &#x6FC0;&#x6D3B;&#x7D20; IIb&#x3001; &#x751F;&#x957F;&#x548C;&#x5206;&#x5316;&#x56E0;&#x5B50;-&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x8840;&#x6E05;&#x86CB;&#x767D; 1 (&#x5598;&#x606F;-1&#xFF09; &#x548C; MAD &#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x86CB;&#x767D; (SMAD 7) mRNA &#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x8868;&#x8FBE;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x4E86;&#x8BC4;&#x4F30;&#x524D;&#x540E;&#x3002;&#x7ED3;&#x679C;:: &#x819D;&#x5173;&#x8282;&#x5EF6;&#x957F; 1-RM &#x663E;&#x8457;&#x589E;&#x52A0;&#xFF0C;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x7EC4; &#xFF08;&#x674E;&#xFF1A; 20.7%&#xFF0C;LIR: 40.1%&#x548C;&#x559C;&#xFF1A; 36.2%)&#x3002;CSA &#x589E;&#x52A0; LIR &#x548C;&#x559C;&#x7EC4; (6.3 &#x548C; 6.1%&#xFF0C;&#x5206;&#x522B;)&#x3002;MSTN &#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x8868;&#x8FBE;&#x4E0B;&#x964D; LIR &#x548C;&#x559C;&#x7EC4; (45%&#x548C; 41%&#xFF0C;&#x5206;&#x522B;)&#x3002;&#x5728;&#x6FC0;&#x6D3B; IIb &#x7D20;&#x4E2D;&#x6709;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x53D1;&#x751F;&#x91CD;&#x5927;&#x53D8;&#x5316; (p &gt; 0.05&#xFF09;&#x3002;FLST &#x548C; FLST 3 mRNA &#x8868;&#x8FBE;&#x589E;&#x52A0;&#x5728;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x56E2;&#x4F53;&#x4ECE;&#x9884;&#x8003;&#x540E; (p &lt; 0.001&#xFF09;&#x3002;FLST 3 &#x8868;&#x8FBE;&#x5F0F;&#x662F;&#x5728;&#x559C;&#x7684;&#x6210;&#x7EE9;&#x5355;&#x5BC4;&#x9001;&#x4E0E; LIR &#x548C;&#x674E;&#x7FA4;&#x4F53;&#x76F8;&#x6BD4;&#x66F4;&#x5927; (p = 0.024 &#x548C; p = 0.018&#xFF0C;&#x5206;&#x522B;)&#x3002;&#x5598;&#x606F;-1 &#x548C; SMAD 7 &#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x8868;&#x8FBE;&#x663E;&#x8457;&#x589E;&#x52A0;&#xFF0C;LIR &#x548C;&#x559C;&#x7684;&#x7FA4;&#x4F53;&#x3002;&#x7ED3;&#x8BBA;:: &#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x5F97;&#x51FA;&#x7ED3;&#x8BBA; LIR &#x662F;&#x80FD;&#x591F;&#x8BF1;&#x4F7F; 1 RM &#x548C;&#x80A1;&#x56DB;&#x5934;&#x808C; CSA &#x6BD4;&#x4F20;&#x7EDF;&#x559C;&#x540E;&#x89C2;&#x5BDF;&#x5230;&#x7C7B;&#x4F3C;&#x6536;&#x76CA;&#x3002;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x53CD;&#x5E94;&#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x4E0E;&#x6709;&#x5173; MSTN &#x540C;&#x65F6;&#x51CF;&#x5C11;&#x548C;&#x589E;&#x52A0; FLST-&#x5F02;&#x6784;&#x4F53;&#xFF0C;&#x5598;&#x606F; 1 &#x548C; SMAD 7 mRNA &#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x8868;&#x8FBE;&#x3002;

&#x529B;&#x91CF;&#x8BAD;&#x7EC3;&#x4E0E;&#x8840;&#x6D41;&#x91CF;&#x9650;&#x5236;&#x51CF;&#x5C11;&#x808C;&#x8089;&#x751F;&#x957F;&#x6291;&#x5236;&#x7D20;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x7684;&#x8868;&#x8FBE;&#x3002;

PURPOSE:: The aim of the study was to determine whether the similar muscle strength and hypertrophy responses observed after either low-intensity resistance exercise associated with moderate blood-flow restriction or high-intensity resistance exercise are associated with similar changes in mRNA expression of selected genes involved in the myostatin (MSTN) signaling. METHODS:: Twenty-nine physically active male subjects were divided into three groups: low-intensity (20% 1-RM) resistance training: LI (n = 10); low-intensity (20% 1-RM) resistance training associated with moderate blood-flow restriction: LIR (n = 10); and high-intensity (80% 1-RM) resistance training: HI (n = 9). All of the groups underwent an 8-week training program. Maximal dynamic knee-extension strength (1-RM), quadriceps cross-sectional area (CSA), MSTN, follistatin-like related genes (FLST, FLST-3), activin IIb, growth and differentiation factor- associated serum protein 1 (GASP-1), and MAD-related protein (SMAD-7) mRNA gene expression were assessed pre- and post-training. RESULTS:: Knee extension 1-RM significantly increased in all groups (LI: 20.7%, LIR: 40.1%, and HI: 36.2%). CSA increased in both LIR and HI groups (6.3 and 6.1%, respectively). MSTN mRNA expression decreased in the LIR and HI groups (45% and 41%, respectively). There were no significant changes in activin IIb (p>0.05). FLST and FLST-3 mRNA expression increased in all groups from pre- to post-test (p<0.001). FLST-3 expression was significantly greater in the HI when compared to LIR and LI groups at post-test (p=0.024 and p=0.018, respectively). GASP-1 and SMAD-7 gene expression significantly increased in both LIR and HI groups. CONCLUSION:: We concluded that LIR was able to induce similar gains in 1-RM and quadriceps CSA than those observed after traditional HI. These responses may be related to the concomitant decrease in MSTN and increase in FLST-isoforms, GASP-1 and SMAD-7 mRNA gene expression.

Strength Training with Blood Flow Restriction Diminishes Myostatin Gene Expression.

OBJECTIF :: Le but de cette &#xE9;tude &#xE9;tait de d&#xE9;terminer si la force musculaire similaire et r&#xE9;ponses hypertrophie observ&#xE9;e apr&#xE8;s deux exercices de r&#xE9;sistance de faible intensit&#xE9; associ&#xE9;e &#xE0; mod&#xE9;r&#xE9;e du flux sanguin restriction ou des exercices de r&#xE9;sistance &#xE0; haute intensit&#xE9; sont associ&#xE9;es &#xE0; des changements similaires dans l&#x26;#39;expression des ARNm de la s&#xE9;lection g&#xE8;nes impliqu&#xE9;s dans la myostatine (NTSS) de signalisation. M&#xC9;THODES :: Vingt-neuf sujets masculins physiquement actifs ont &#xE9;t&#xE9; divis&#xE9;s en trois groupes: faible intensit&#xE9; (20% 1-RM) l&#x26;#39;entra&#xEE;nement en r&#xE9;sistance: LI (n = 10); de faible intensit&#xE9; (20% 1-RM) la formation de r&#xE9;sistance associ&#xE9;e &#xE0; mod&#xE9;r&#xE9;e du d&#xE9;bit sanguin de restriction: LIR (n = 10), et &#xE0; haute intensit&#xE9; (80% 1-RM) l&#x26;#39;entra&#xEE;nement en r&#xE9;sistance: HI (n = 9). Tous les groupes ont suivi un programme de formation de 8 semaines. Maximale dynamique du genou extension force (1-RM), quadriceps section transversale (CSA), NTSS, follistatine-comme les g&#xE8;nes li&#xE9;s (FLST, FLST-3), activine IIb, facteur de croissance et de diff&#xE9;renciation associ&#xE9; &#xE0; des prot&#xE9;ines s&#xE9;riques 1 (GASP -1), et MAD-related protein (SMAD-7) l&#x26;#39;expression des g&#xE8;nes ARNm ont &#xE9;t&#xE9; &#xE9;valu&#xE9;s avant et apr&#xE8;s la formation. R&#xE9;sultats :: Extension du genou 1-RM consid&#xE9;rablement augment&#xE9; dans tous les groupes (LI: 20,7%, RIL: 40,1%, et HI: 36,2%). ASC a augment&#xE9; dans les deux groupes de LIR et HI (6,3 et 6,1%, respectivement). Expression de l&#x26;#39;ARNm MSTN diminu&#xE9; dans la RIL et les groupes HI (45% et 41%, respectivement). Il n&#x26;#39;y avait pas des changements significatifs dans l&#x26;#39;activine IIb (p&#x26;gt; 0,05). FLST et FLST-3 expression de l&#x26;#39;ARNm a augment&#xE9; dans tous les groupes de pr&#xE9;-et post-test (p &#x26;lt;0,001). FLST-3 d&#x26;#39;expression &#xE9;tait significativement plus &#xE9;lev&#xE9;e dans le HI par rapport aux groupes LIR et LI au post-test (p = 0,024 et p = 0,018, respectivement). GASP-1 et d&#x26;#39;expression SMAD-7 g&#xE8;ne consid&#xE9;rablement augment&#xE9; dans les deux groupes de LIR et HI. CONCLUSION :: Nous avons conclu que RIL &#xE9;tait capable d&#x26;#39;induire des gains similaires dans la norme CSA 1-RM et quadriceps que ceux observ&#xE9;s apr&#xE8;s HI traditionnelle. Ces r&#xE9;ponses peuvent &#xEA;tre li&#xE9;e &#xE0; la diminution concomitante de la NTSS et l&#x26;#39;augmentation de FLST des isoformes, GASP-1 et l&#x26;#39;expression des g&#xE8;nes SMAD-7 ARNm.

Musculation avec restriction du flux sanguin Diminue Expression g&#xE8;ne de la myostatine

Zweck:: Ziel der Studie war zu bestimmen, ob die &auml;hnlichen Muskel-Kraft und Hypertrophie Reaktionen beobachtet, nachdem entweder niedriger Intensit&auml;t Widerstand &Uuml;bung im Zusammenhang mit moderaten Durchblutung Beschr&auml;nkung oder hoher Intensit&auml;t Widerstand &Uuml;bung werden &auml;hnliche Ver&auml;nderungen in mRNA Ausdruck ausgew&auml;hlten Selbstmordprogramm Myostatin (MSTN) Signalisierung zugeordnet. Methoden:: Neunundzwanzig k&ouml;rperlich aktive m&auml;nnliche Probanden wurden in drei Gruppen eingeteilt: niedriger Intensit&auml;t (20 % 1-RM) Krafttraining: LI (n = 10); niedriger Intensit&auml;t (20 % 1-RM) Krafttraining mit moderaten Durchblutung Einschr&auml;nkung verbunden: LIR (n = 10); und hoher Intensit&auml;t (80 % 1-RM) Widerstand training: HI (n = 9). Alle Gruppen unterzog sich ein 8-Wochen-Trainingsprogramm. Maximale dynamische Kniestreckung St&auml;rke (1-RM), verwandten Quadrizeps Querschnittsfl&auml;che (CSA), MSTN, Follistatin-&auml;hnliche Gene (FLST, FLST-3), Activin IIb, Wachstum und Differenzierung Faktor-assoziierten Serum Protein 1 (GASP-1) und MAD-related Protein (SMAD-7) mRNA-Genexpression Pre- und einschlie&szlig;lich beurteilt wurden. Ergebnisse:: Knie Erweiterung 1-RM deutlich erh&ouml;ht in allen Gruppen (LI: 20,7 %, LIR: 40,1 % und HI: 36,2 %). CSA erh&ouml;ht in LIR und HI-Gruppen (6.3 und 6,1 %, beziehungsweise). MSTN mRNA Ausdruck sank in den Gruppen LIR und HI (45 % und 41 %, beziehungsweise). Es gab keine wesentlichen Ver&auml;nderungen in Activin IIb (p &gt; 0,05). FLST und FLST-3 mRNA Ausdruck in allen Fraktionen von pre-Nachtests zugenommen (p &lt; 0,001). FLST-3 Ausdruck war signifikant gr&ouml;&szlig;er in der HI im Vergleich zu LIR und LI Gruppen auf posttest (p = 0,024 und p = 0,018, beziehungsweise). GASP-1 und SMAD-7-Genexpression deutlich erh&ouml;ht, in Gruppen LIR und HI. Fazit:: Wir festgestellt, dass LIR &auml;hnliche Gewinne in 1-RM und Beinstrecker CSA als die nach traditionellen HI beobachtet induzieren konnte. Diese Antworten k&ouml;nnen im Zusammenhang mit der gleichzeitigen R&uuml;ckgang der MSTN und Zunahme der FLST-Isoformen, GASP-1 und SMAD-7 mRNA-Genexpression.

Krafttraining mit Blood Flow Einschr&auml;nkung mindert Myostatin-Genexpression.

SCOPO: Lo scopo dello studio era di determinare se simili risposte di forza e ipertrofia muscolare osservano dopo esercizi di resistenza bassa intensit&agrave; associati con limitazione di flusso di sangue moderata o esercizi di resistenza ad alta intensit&agrave; sono associati a cambiamenti simili nell&#39;espressione del mRNA di geni selezionati partecipano la miostatina (MSTN) segnalazione. Metodi:: Venti-nove soggetti maschi fisicamente attivi sono stati divisi in tre gruppi: bassa intensit&agrave; (20% 1-RM) allenamento di resistenza: LI (n = 10); resistenza di basso-intensit&agrave; (20% 1-RM) formazione associata a restrizione moderata del flusso sanguigno: LIR (n = 10); e resistenza ad alta intensit&agrave; (80% 1-RM) formazione: HI (n = 9). Tutti i gruppi sono stati sottoposti a un programma di allenamento di 8 settimane. Forza dinamica del ginocchio-estensione massimale (1-RM), area della sezione trasversale del quadricipite (CSA), MSTN, follistatin-come relativi geni (FLST, FLST-3), activin IIb, crescita e differenziazione factor-associated siero proteina 1 (GASP-1) e MAD-related protein espressione genica mRNA (SMAD-7) sono stati valutati pre e post. RISULTATI:: Estensione del ginocchio 1-RM &egrave; aumentato in maniera significativa in tutti i gruppi (LI: 20,7%, LIR: 40,1% e HI: 36,2%). CSA aumentato nei gruppi sia LIR e HI (6.3 e del 6,1%, rispettivamente). Espressione del mRNA MSTN diminuito nei gruppi LIR e HI (45% e del 41%, rispettivamente). Ci sono stati cambiamenti significativo in activin IIb (p &amp;gt; 0.05). FLST e FLST-3 mRNA espressione aumentata in tutti i gruppi dal pre al post-test (p &lt; 0.001). Espressione FLST-3 era significativamente maggiore nei HI rispetto ai gruppi di LIR e LI al post-test (p = 0.024 e p = 0,018, rispettivamente). GASP-1 ed espressione genica SMAD-7 significativamente aumentato nei gruppi sia LIR e HI. CONCLUSIONE: Abbiamo concluso che LIR &egrave; stato in grado di indurre simili aumenti di 1-RM e quadricipite CSA rispetto a quelli osservati dopo HI tradizionali. Queste risposte possono essere correlate alla concomitante diminuzione di MSTN, aumentano di isoforme di FLST, GASP-1 ed espressione genica mRNA SMAD-7.

Allenamento della forza con restrizione del flusso sanguigno diminuisce l&#39;espressione di Gene della miostatina.

&#x76EE;&#x7684;::&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x306E;&#x76EE;&#x7684;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x9069;&#x5EA6;&#x306A;&#x8840;&#x6D41;&#x5236;&#x9650;&#x3084;&#x9AD8;&#x5F37;&#x5EA6;&#x306E;&#x30EC;&#x30B8;&#x30B9;&#x30BF;&#x30F3;&#x30B9;&#x904B;&#x52D5;&#x306B;&#x95A2;&#x9023;&#x4ED8;&#x3051;&#x3089;&#x308C;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x308B;&#x3044;&#x305A;&#x308C;&#x304B;&#x306E;&#x4F4E;&#x5F37;&#x5EA6;&#x306E;&#x30EC;&#x30B8;&#x30B9;&#x30BF;&#x30F3;&#x30B9;&#x904B;&#x52D5;&#x5F8C;&#x306B;&#x89B3;&#x5BDF;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x305F;&#x540C;&#x69D8;&#x306E;&#x7B4B;&#x529B;&#x3068;&#x80A5;&#x5927;&#x5FDC;&#x7B54;&#x304C;&#x9078;&#x629E;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x305F;mRNA&#x306E;&#x767A;&#x73FE;&#x306B;&#x3082;&#x540C;&#x69D8;&#x306E;&#x5909;&#x66F4;&#x306B;&#x95A2;&#x9023;&#x4ED8;&#x3051;&#x3089;&#x308C;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x308B;&#x304B;&#x3069;&#x3046;&#x304B;&#x3092;&#x5224;&#x65AD;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x3067;&#x3042;&#x3063;&#x305F;&#x907A;&#x4F1D;&#x5B50;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x30DF;&#x30AA;&#x30B9;&#x30BF;&#x30C1;&#x30F3;&#xFF08;MSTN&#xFF09;&#x30B7;&#x30B0;&#x30CA;&#x30EB;&#x4F1D;&#x9054;&#x306B;&#x95A2;&#x4E0E;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x308B;&#x3002;&#x30E1;&#x30BD;&#x30C3;&#x30C9;:: 29&#x4EBA;&#x306E;&#x7269;&#x7406;&#x7684;&#x306B;&#x30A2;&#x30AF;&#x30C6;&#x30A3;&#x30D6;&#x306A;&#x7537;&#x6027;&#x306E;&#x88AB;&#x9A13;&#x8005;&#x306F;3&#x3064;&#x306E;&#x30B0;&#x30EB;&#x30FC;&#x30D7;&#x306B;&#x5206;&#x3051;&#x3089;&#x308C;&#x305F;&#xFF1A;&#x4F4E;&#x5F37;&#x5EA6;&#xFF08;20&#xFF05;1-RM&#xFF09;&#x30EC;&#x30B8;&#x30B9;&#x30BF;&#x30F3;&#x30B9;&#x30C8;&#x30EC;&#x30FC;&#x30CB;&#x30F3;&#x30B0;&#xFF1A;LI&#xFF08;n = 10&#xFF09;&#x3067;&#x3001;&#x95A2;&#x9023;&#x4ED8;&#x3051;&#x3089;&#x308C;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x308B;&#x4F4E;&#x5F37;&#x5EA6;&#xFF08;20&#xFF05;1-RM&#xFF09;&#x30EC;&#x30B8;&#x30B9;&#x30BF;&#x30F3;&#x30B9;&#x30C8;&#x30EC;&#x30FC;&#x30CB;&#x30F3;&#x30B0;&#x9069;&#x5EA6;&#x306A;&#x8840;&#x6D41;&#x5236;&#x9650;&#xFF1A;LIR&#xFF08;N = 10&#xFF09;&#x3068;&#x9AD8;&#x8F1D;&#x5EA6;&#xFF08;80&#xFF05;1-RM&#xFF09;&#x30EC;&#x30B8;&#x30B9;&#x30BF;&#x30F3;&#x30B9;&#x30C8;&#x30EC;&#x30FC;&#x30CB;&#x30F3;&#x30B0;&#xFF1A;HI&#xFF08;n = 9&#xFF09;&#x3067;&#x3002;&#x3059;&#x3079;&#x3066;&#x306E;&#x30B0;&#x30EB;&#x30FC;&#x30D7;&#x306F;&#x3001;8&#x9031;&#x9593;&#x306E;&#x30C8;&#x30EC;&#x30FC;&#x30CB;&#x30F3;&#x30B0;&#x30D7;&#x30ED;&#x30B0;&#x30E9;&#x30E0;&#x3092;&#x53D7;&#x3051;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x6700;&#x5927;&#x306E;&#x30C0;&#x30A4;&#x30CA;&#x30DF;&#x30C3;&#x30AF;&#x306A;&#x819D;&#x4F38;&#x5C55;&#x7B4B;&#x529B;&#xFF08;1-RM&#xFF09;&#x3001;&#x5927;&#x817F;&#x56DB;&#x982D;&#x7B4B;&#x6A2A;&#x65AD;&#x9762;&#x7A4D;&#xFF08;CSA&#xFF09;&#x3001;MSTN&#x3001;&#x30D5;&#x30A9;&#x30EA;&#x30B9;&#x30BF;&#x30C1;&#x30F3;&#x306E;&#x3088;&#x3046;&#x306A;&#x95A2;&#x9023;&#x907A;&#x4F1D;&#x5B50;&#xFF08;FLST&#x3001;FLST-3&#xFF09;&#x3001;&#x30A2;&#x30AF;&#x30C1;&#x30D3;&#x30F3;IIB&#x3001;&#x5897;&#x6B96;&#x304A;&#x3088;&#x3073;&#x5206;&#x5316;&#x56E0;&#x5B50;&#x306B;&#x95A2;&#x9023;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x8840;&#x6E05;&#x30BF;&#x30F3;&#x30D1;&#x30AF;&#x8CEA;1&#xFF08;GASP -1&#xFF09;&#x3001;&#x53CA;&#x3073;MAD-&#x95A2;&#x9023;&#x30BF;&#x30F3;&#x30D1;&#x30AF;&#x8CEA;&#xFF08;SMAD-7&#xFF09;&#x306E;mRNA&#x306E;&#x907A;&#x4F1D;&#x5B50;&#x767A;&#x73FE;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x4E8B;&#x524D;&#x3068;&#x4E8B;&#x5F8C;&#x7814;&#x4FEE;&#x3092;&#x8A55;&#x4FA1;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x7D50;&#x679C;::&#x819D;&#x4F38;&#x5C55;&#x5927;&#x5E45;&#x306B;&#x3059;&#x3079;&#x3066;&#x306E;&#x30B0;&#x30EB;&#x30FC;&#x30D7;&#xFF08;LI&#xFF1A;20.7&#xFF05;&#x3001;LIR&#xFF1A;40.1&#xFF05;&#x3001;&#x53CA;&#x3073;HI&#xFF1A;36.2&#xFF05;&#xFF09;&#x306B;&#x5897;&#x52A0;&#x3057;1  -  RM&#x3002; CSA&#x306F;&#x3001;LIR&#x3068;HI&#x30B0;&#x30EB;&#x30FC;&#x30D7;&#xFF08;&#x305D;&#x308C;&#x305E;&#x308C;6.3&#x304A;&#x3088;&#x3073;6.1&#xFF05;&#xFF09;&#x306E;&#x4E21;&#x65B9;&#x3067;&#x5897;&#x52A0;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002; MSTN mRNA&#x306E;&#x767A;&#x73FE;&#x306F;&#x3001;LIR&#x3068;HI&#x7FA4;&#xFF08;&#x305D;&#x308C;&#x305E;&#x308C;45&#xFF05;&#x304A;&#x3088;&#x3073;41&#xFF05;&#xFF09;&#x306B;&#x6E1B;&#x5C11;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x30A2;&#x30AF;&#x30C1;&#x30D3;&#x30F3;&#x7B2C;IIb&#xFF08;P&#x26;gt; 0.05&#xFF09;&#x3067;&#x6709;&#x610F;&#x306A;&#x5909;&#x5316;&#x306F;&#x8A8D;&#x3081;&#x3089;&#x308C;&#x306A;&#x304B;&#x3063;&#x305F;&#x3002; FLST&#x3068;FLST-3 mRNA&#x306E;&#x767A;&#x73FE;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x4E8B;&#x524D;&#x306B;&#x30DD;&#x30B9;&#x30C8;&#x30C6;&#x30B9;&#x30C8;&#xFF08;P &#x26;lt;0.001&#xFF09;&#x304B;&#x3089;&#x3059;&#x3079;&#x3066;&#x306E;&#x30B0;&#x30EB;&#x30FC;&#x30D7;&#x3067;&#x5897;&#x52A0;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x30DD;&#x30B9;&#x30C8;&#x30C6;&#x30B9;&#x30C8;&#xFF08;P = 0.024&#x304A;&#x3088;&#x3073;p&#x306F;&#x305D;&#x308C;&#x305E;&#x308C;= 0.018&#xFF09;&#x3067;&#x3001;LIR&#x3068;LI&#x30B0;&#x30EB;&#x30FC;&#x30D7;&#x3068;&#x6BD4;&#x8F03;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x3068;FLST-3&#x306E;&#x767A;&#x73FE;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x30CF;&#x30EF;&#x30A4;&#x5DDE;&#x3067;&#x6709;&#x610F;&#x306B;&#x5927;&#x304D;&#x304B;&#x3063;&#x305F;&#x3002; GASP-1&#x304A;&#x3088;&#x3073;SMAD-7&#x907A;&#x4F1D;&#x5B50;&#x306E;&#x767A;&#x73FE;&#x304C;&#x6709;&#x610F;&#x306B;LIR&#x3068;HI&#x30B0;&#x30EB;&#x30FC;&#x30D7;&#x306E;&#x4E21;&#x65B9;&#x3067;&#x5897;&#x52A0;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x7D50;&#x8AD6;::&#x79C1;&#x305F;&#x3061;&#x306F;&#x3001;LIR&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x4F1D;&#x7D71;&#x7684;&#x306A;&#x30CF;&#x30EF;&#x30A4;&#x306E;&#x5F8C;&#x306B;&#x89B3;&#x5BDF;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x305F;&#x3082;&#x306E;&#x3088;&#x308A;1-RM&#x3068;&#x5927;&#x817F;&#x56DB;&#x982D;&#x7B4B;CSA&#x540C;&#x69D8;&#x306E;&#x5229;&#x76CA;&#x3092;&#x8A98;&#x5C0E;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x304C;&#x3067;&#x304D;&#x305F;&#x3068;&#x7D50;&#x8AD6;&#x3065;&#x3051;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x3053;&#x308C;&#x3089;&#x306E;&#x5FDC;&#x7B54;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x4F75;&#x7528;MSTN&#x306E;&#x6E1B;&#x5C11;&#x3068;FLST-&#x30A2;&#x30A4;&#x30BD;&#x30D5;&#x30A9;&#x30FC;&#x30E0;&#x306E;&#x5897;&#x52A0;&#x306F;&#x3001;GASP-1&#x304A;&#x3088;&#x3073;SMAD-7 mRNA&#x306E;&#x907A;&#x4F1D;&#x5B50;&#x767A;&#x73FE;&#x306B;&#x95A2;&#x9023;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x5834;&#x5408;&#x304C;&#x3042;&#x308A;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;

&#x8840;&#x6D41;&#x5236;&#x9650;&#x3068;&#x7B4B;&#x529B;&#x30C8;&#x30EC;&#x30FC;&#x30CB;&#x30F3;&#x30B0;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x30DF;&#x30AA;&#x30B9;&#x30BF;&#x30C1;&#x30F3;&#x907A;&#x4F1D;&#x5B50;&#x306E;&#x767A;&#x73FE;&#x304C;&#x5C0F;&#x3055;&#x304F;&#x5199;&#x308B;

&#xBAA9;&#xC801;:: &#xC5F0;&#xAD6C;&#xC758; &#xBAA9;&#xD45C;&#xB294; &#xBE44;&#xC2B7;&#xD55C; &#xADFC;&#xC721; &#xAC15;&#xB3C4;&#xC640; &#xBE44; &#xB300; &#xC751;&#xB2F5; &#xAD00;&#xCC30; &#xD6C4; &#xB0AE;&#xC740; &#xAC15;&#xB3C4; &#xC800;&#xD56D; &#xC6B4;&#xB3D9;&#xACFC; &#xAD00;&#xB828; &#xB41C; &#xC801;&#xB2F9; &#xD55C; &#xD608;&#xC561; &#xD750;&#xB984;&#xC744; &#xC81C;&#xD55C; &#xB610;&#xB294; &#xAC15;&#xB3C4; &#xB192;&#xC740; &#xC800;&#xD56D; &#xC6B4;&#xB3D9; &#xBE44;&#xC2B7;&#xD55C; myostatin (MSTN)&#xC5D0; &#xAD00;&#xB828; &#xB41C; &#xC2E0;&#xD638; &#xC120;&#xD0DD; &#xB41C; &#xC720;&#xC804;&#xC790;&#xC758; mRNA &#xD45C;&#xD604; &#xBCC0;&#xD654;&#xC5D0; &#xC5F0;&#xAD00; &#xB418;&#xC5B4; &#xC788;&#xB294;&#xC9C0; &#xC5EC;&#xBD80;&#xB97C; &#xD655;&#xC778; &#xD588;&#xB2E4;. &#xBC29;&#xBC95;:: 1529-&#xC721;&#xCCB4;&#xC801;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xD65C;&#xB3D9;&#xC801;&#xC778; &#xB0A8;&#xC131; &#xACFC;&#xBAA9; 3 &#xAC1C; &#xADF8;&#xB8F9;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xBD84;&#xD560; &#xB418;&#xC5C8;&#xB2E4;: &#xB0AE;&#xC740; &#xB18D;&#xB3C4; (20 %1-RM) &#xC800;&#xD56D; &#xD6C8;&#xB828;: LI (n = 10); &#xB0AE;&#xC740; &#xB18D;&#xB3C4; (20 %1-RM) &#xC800;&#xD56D; &#xC5F0;&#xACB0; &#xC801;&#xB2F9; &#xD55C; &#xD608;&#xC561; &#xD750;&#xB984;&#xC744; &#xC81C;&#xD55C; &#xB41C; &#xD6C8;&#xB828;: LIR (n = 10); &#xB192;&#xC740; &#xAC15;&#xB3C4; (80 %1-RM) &#xC800;&#xD56D; &#xD6C8;&#xB828;: &#xC548;&#xB155; (n = 9). &#xBAA8;&#xB4E0; &#xADF8;&#xB8F9; 8 &#xC8FC; &#xD6C8;&#xB828; &#xD504;&#xB85C;&#xADF8;&#xB7A8;&#xC744; &#xBC1B;&#xC558;&#xB2E4;. &#xCD5C;&#xB300;&#xD55C; &#xB3D9;&#xC801; &#xBB34;&#xB98E; &#xD655;&#xC7A5; &#xAC15;&#xB3C4; (1 RM), quadriceps &#xB2E8;&#xBA74;&#xC801; (CSA) MSTN, follistatin &#xAC19;&#xC740; &#xAD00;&#xB828; &#xC720;&#xC804;&#xC790; (FLST, FLST-3), activin IIb, &#xC131;&#xC7A5;&#xACFC; &#xBD84;&#xD654; &#xC694;&#xC778; &#xAD00;&#xB828; &#xB41C; &#xD608; &#xCCAD; &#xB2E8;&#xBC31;&#xC9C8; 1 (&#xB9D0;&#xD558;&#xB2E4;-1)&#xC640; &#xB9E4;&#xB4DC; &#xAD00;&#xB828; &#xB2E8;&#xBC31;&#xC9C8; (SMAD-7) mRNA &#xC720;&#xC804;&#xC790; &#xBC1C;&#xD604; &#xC0AC;&#xC804; &#xBC0F; &#xC0AC;&#xD6C4; &#xD3C9;&#xAC00; &#xD588;&#xB2E4;. &#xACB0;&#xACFC;:: &#xBB34;&#xB98E; &#xD655;&#xC7A5; 1 RM &#xD06C;&#xAC8C; &#xBAA8;&#xB4E0; &#xADF8;&#xB8F9;&#xC758; &#xC99D;&#xAC00; (LI: 20.7%, LIR: 40.1%, &#xADF8;&#xB9AC;&#xACE0; &#xC548;&#xB155;: 36.2%). &#xCCB4;&#xCF54; LIR &#xBC0F;&#xC774; &#xADF8;&#xB8F9;&#xC758; &#xC99D;&#xAC00; (6.3 &#xBC0F; 6.1%, &#xAC01;&#xAC01;). MSTN mRNA &#xC2DD; LIR &#xBC0F;&#xC774; &#xADF8;&#xB8F9;&#xC5D0; &#xAC10;&#xC18C; (45%&#xC640; 41%, &#xAC01;&#xAC01;). Activin Iib&#xC5D0;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xC911;&#xC694; &#xD55C; &#xBCC0;&#xACBD;&#xC774; &#xB418;&#xC9C0; &#xC54A;&#xC558;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4; (p &amp;gt; 0.05). FLST FLST 3 mRNA &#xC2DD; &#xD14C;&#xC2A4;&#xD2B8; &#xD6C4;&#xC5D0; &#xC0AC;&#xC804;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xBAA8;&#xB4E0; &#xADF8;&#xB8F9;&#xC758; &#xC99D;&#xAC00; (p &lt; 0.001). FLST 3 &#xC2DD; &#xD14C;&#xC2A4;&#xD2B8;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; LIR &#xBC0F; &#xB9AC; &#xADF8;&#xB8F9;&#xC5D0; &#xBE44;&#xD574;&#xC774;&#xC5D0; &#xC0C1;&#xB2F9;&#xD788; &#xCEF8;&#xB2E4; (p = 0.024&#xACFC; p = 0.018, &#xAC01;&#xAC01;). &#xD5D0; &#xB5A1; &#xAC70;&#xB9AC; &#xB2E4; 1&#xACFC; SMAD 7 &#xC720;&#xC804;&#xC790; &#xBC1C;&#xD604; LIR &#xBC0F;&#xC774; &#xADF8;&#xB8F9;&#xC5D0; &#xD06C;&#xAC8C; &#xC99D;&#xAC00;. &#xACB0;&#xB860;:: &#xC6B0;&#xB9AC; LIR 1 RM &#xBC0F; quadriceps &#xCCB4;&#xCF54; &#xC804;&#xD1B5; &#xC548;&#xB155; &#xD6C4; &#xAD00;&#xCC30; &#xB41C; &#xAC83; &#xBCF4;&#xB2E4; &#xBE44;&#xC2B7;&#xD55C; &#xC774;&#xC775; &#xC720;&#xB3C4; &#xC218; &#xC788;&#xC5C8;&#xB2E4; &#xACB0;&#xB860;&#xC744; &#xB0B4;&#xB838;&#xB2E4;. &#xC774;&#xB7EC;&#xD55C; &#xBC18;&#xC751;&#xACFC; MSTN &#xBD80;&#xC218;&#xC801;&#xC778; &#xC800;&#xD558;&#xC5D0; &#xAD00;&#xB828;&#xC774; &#xC788;&#xC744; &#xC218; &#xC788;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4; FLST isoforms, &#xD5D0; &#xB5A1; &#xAC70;&#xB9AC; &#xB2E4; 1&#xACFC; SMAD 7 mRNA &#xC720;&#xC804;&#xC790; &#xBC1C;&#xD604; &#xC99D;&#xAC00;.

&#xD608;&#xC561; &#xD750;&#xB984;&#xC744; &#xC81C;&#xD55C;&#xC640; &#xAC15;&#xB3C4; &#xD6C8;&#xB828; Myostatin &#xC720;&#xC804;&#xC790; &#xBC1C;&#xD604;&#xC744; &#xAC10;&#xC18C; &#xD55C;&#xB2E4;.

FIN :: El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si la fuerza muscular similar y respuestas hipertrofia observada despu&#xE9;s de cualquiera de los ejercicios de resistencia de baja intensidad moderada asociada con el flujo de sangre restricci&#xF3;n o de alta intensidad ejercicio de resistencia est&#xE1;n asociados con cambios similares en la expresi&#xF3;n de mRNA seleccionado genes implicados en la miostatina (NTCR) de se&#xF1;alizaci&#xF3;n. M&#xC9;TODOS T&#xED;tulo Veintinueve hombres f&#xED;sicamente activos se dividieron en tres grupos: de baja intensidad (20% de 1-RM) de entrenamiento de resistencia: LI (n = 10), de baja intensidad (20% de 1-RM) asociado con el entrenamiento de resistencia moderada restricci&#xF3;n del flujo sangu&#xED;neo: LIR (n = 10), y de alta intensidad (80% de 1-RM) de entrenamiento de resistencia: HI (n = 9). Todos los grupos se sometieron a un programa de entrenamiento de 8 semanas. M&#xE1;xima din&#xE1;mica de extensi&#xF3;n de rodillas la fuerza (1-RM), cu&#xE1;driceps &#xE1;rea de secci&#xF3;n transversal (CSA), NTCR, follistatina-como los genes relacionados (FLST, FLST-3), IIb activina, factor de crecimiento y la diferenciaci&#xF3;n asociada a la prote&#xED;na de suero 1 (GASP -1), y la prote&#xED;na relacionada con MAD (SMAD-7) la expresi&#xF3;n del ARNm del gen fueron evaluados antes y despu&#xE9;s del entrenamiento. Resultados :: Extensi&#xF3;n de la rodilla 1-RM aument&#xF3; significativamente en todos los grupos (LI: 20,7%, LIR: 40,1%, y HI: 36,2%). CSA aumentado tanto en LIR y los grupos de HI (6,3 y 6,1%, respectivamente). NTCR expresi&#xF3;n del mRNA disminuci&#xF3;n en la LIR y grupos HI (45% y 41%, respectivamente). No hubo cambios significativos en la activina IIB (p&#x26;gt; 0,05). FLST y FLST-3 la expresi&#xF3;n del ARNm aument&#xF3; en todos los grupos de pre y post-test (p &#x26;lt;0,001). FLST-3 de expresi&#xF3;n fue significativamente mayor en el HI en comparaci&#xF3;n con los LIR y LI grupos de post-test (p = 0,024 yp = 0,018, respectivamente). GASP-1 y Smad-7 la expresi&#xF3;n del gen aument&#xF3; significativamente en ambos grupos de LIR y HI. CONCLUSI&#xD3;N :: Se concluye que la LIR fue capaz de inducir aumentos similares en CSA 1-RM y cu&#xE1;driceps que los observados despu&#xE9;s de HI tradicional. Estas respuestas pueden estar relacionados con la disminuci&#xF3;n concomitante en NTCR y aumento en FLST las isoformas, GASP 1-y SMAD-7 ARNm expresi&#xF3;n g&#xE9;nica.

Entrenamiento de fuerza con la restricci&#xF3;n del flujo sangu&#xED;neo Disminuye la expresi&#xF3;n del gen miostatina

The role of the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNPr) and superior colliculus (SC) network in rat strains susceptible to audiogenic seizures still remain underexplored in epileptology. In a previous study from our laboratory, the GABAergic drugs bicuculline (BIC) and muscimol (MUS) were microinjected into the deep layers of either the anterior SC (aSC) or the posterior SC (pSC) in animals of the Wistar audiogenic rat (WAR) strain submitted to acoustic stimulation, in which simultaneous electroencephalographic (EEG) recording of the aSC, pSC, SNPr and striatum was performed. Only MUS microinjected into the pSC blocked audiogenic seizures. In the present study, we expanded upon these previous results using the retrograde tracer Fluorogold (FG) microinjected into the aSC and pSC in conjunction with quantitative EEG analysis (wavelet transform), in the search for mechanisms associated with the susceptibility of this inbred strain to acoustic stimulation. Our hypothesis was that the WAR strain would have different connectivity between specific subareas of the superior colliculus and the SNPr when compared with resistant Wistar animals and that these connections would lead to altered behavior of this network during audiogenic seizures. Wavelet analysis showed that the only treatment with an anticonvulsant effect was MUS microinjected into the pSC region, and this treatment induced a sustained oscillation in the theta band only in the SNPr and in the pSC. These data suggest that in WAR animals, there are at least two subcortical loops and that the one involved in audiogenic seizure susceptibility appears to be the pSC-SNPr circuit. We also found that WARs presented an increase in the number of FG+ projections from the posterior SNPr to both the aSC and pSC (primarily to the pSC), with both acting as proconvulsant nuclei when compared with Wistar rats. We concluded that these two different subcortical loops within the basal ganglia are probably a consequence of the WAR genetic background.

Behavioral and EEG effects of GABAergic manipulation of the nigro-tectal pathway in the Wistar audiogenic rat (WAR) strain II: an EEG wavelet analysis and retrograde neuronal tracer approach.

Acoustically evoked seizures (e.g., audiogenic seizures or AGS) are common in models of inherited epilepsy and occur in a variety of species including rat, mouse, and hamster. Two models that have been particularly well studied are the genetically epilepsy prone rat (GEPR-3) and the Wistar Audiogenic Rat (WAR) strains. Acute and repeated AGS, as well as comorbid conditions, displays a close phenotypic overlap in these models. Whether these similarities arise from convergent or divergent structural changes in the brain remains unknown. Here, we examined the brain structure of Sprague Dawley (SD) and Wistar (WIS) rats, and quantified changes in the GEPR-3 and WAR, respectively. Brains from adult, male rats of each strain (n=8-10 per group) were collected, fixed, and embedded in agar and imaged using a 7 tesla Bruker MRI. Post-acquisition analysis included voxel-based morphometry (VBM), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and manual volumetric tracing. In the VBM analysis, GEPR-3 displayed volumetric changes in brainstem structures known to be engaged by AGS (e.g., superior and inferior colliculus, periaqueductal grey) and in forebrain structures (e.g., striatum, septum, nucleus accumbens). WAR displayed volumetric changes in superior colliculus, and a broader set of limbic regions (e.g., hippocampus, amygdala/piriform cortex). The only area of significant overlap in the two strains was the midline cerebellum: both GEPR-3 and WAR showed decreased volume compared to their control strains. In the DTI analysis, GEPR-3 displayed decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) in the corpus callosum, posterior commissure and commissure of the inferior colliculus (IC). WAR displayed increased FA only in the commissure of IC. These data provide a biological basis for further comparative and mechanistic studies in the GEPR-3 and WAR models, as well as provide additional insight into commonalities in the pathways underlying AGS susceptibility and behavioral comorbidity.

Divergent brain changes in two audiogenic rat strains: A voxel-based morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging comparison of the genetically epilepsy prone rat (GEPR-3) and the Wistar Audiogenic Rat (WAR).

There are reports of patients whose epileptic seizures are prevented by means of olfactory stimulation. Similar findings were described in animal models of epilepsy, such as the electrical kindling of amygdala, where olfactory stimulation with toluene (TOL) suppressed seizures in most rats, even when the stimuli were 20% above the threshold to evoke seizures in already kindled animals. The Wistar Audiogenic Rat (WAR) strain is a model of tonic-clonic seizures induced by acute acoustic stimulation, although it also expresses limbic seizures when repeated acoustic stimulation occurs - a process known as audiogenic kindling (AK). The aim of this study was to evaluate whether or not the olfactory stimulation with TOL would interfere on the behavioral expression of brainstem (acute) and limbic (chronic) seizures in the WAR strain. For this, animals were exposed to TOL or saline (SAL) and subsequently exposed to acoustic stimulation in two conditions that generated: I) acute audiogenic seizures (only one acoustic stimulus, without previous seizure experience before of the odor test) and II) after AK (20 acoustic stimuli [2 daily] before of the protocol test). We observed a decrease in the seizure severity index of animals exposed only to TOL in both conditions, with TOL presented 20s before the acoustic stimulation in both protocols. These findings were confirmed by behavioral sequential analysis (neuroethology), which clearly indicated an exacerbation of clusters of specific behaviors such as exploration and grooming (self-cleaning), as well as significant decrease in the expression of brainstem and limbic seizures in response to TOL. Thus, these data demonstrate that TOL, a strong olfactory stimulus, has anticonvulsant properties, detected by the decrease of acute and AK seizures in WARs.

Intense olfactory stimulation blocks seizures in an experimental model of epilepsy.

Slice cultures have been prepared from several organs. With respect to the brain, advantages of slice cultures over dissociated cell cultures include maintenance of the cytoarchitecture and neuronal connectivity. Slice cultures from adult human brain have been reported and constitute a promising method to study neurological diseases. Despite this potential, few studies have characterized in detail cell survival and function along time in short-term, free-floating cultures.

Article	Year
Correlation between shaking behaviors and seizure severity in five animal models of convulsive seizures. Epilepsy & behavior : E&B\| PubMed ID: 15820339	2005
Chelatable zinc modulates excitability and seizure duration in the amygdala rapid kindling model. Epilepsy research\| PubMed ID: 18378119	2008
Bithalamic compromise in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following H1N1 influenza vaccine. Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria\| PubMed ID: 21755147	2011
Strength Training with Blood Flow Restriction Diminishes Myostatin Gene Expression. Medicine and science in sports and exercise\| PubMed ID: 21900845	2011
Behavioral and EEG effects of GABAergic manipulation of the nigro-tectal pathway in the Wistar audiogenic rat (WAR) strain II: an EEG wavelet analysis and retrograde neuronal tracer approach... Epilepsy & behavior : E&B\| PubMed ID: 22704998	2012
Divergent brain changes in two audiogenic rat strains: A voxel-based morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging comparison of the genetically epilepsy prone rat (GEPR-3) and the Wistar Audioge... Neurobiology of disease\| PubMed ID: 29274430	2018
Intense olfactory stimulation blocks seizures in an experimental model of epilepsy. Epilepsy & behavior : E&B\| PubMed ID: 29346088	2018
Free-floating adult human brain-derived slice cultures as a model to study the neuronal impact of Alzheimer's disease-associated Aβ oligomers. Journal of neuroscience methods\| PubMed ID: 29859877	2018

Artur Fernandes

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