characterization-immune-cell-derived-extracellular-vesicles-studying

Characterization of Immune Cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles and Studying Functional Impact on Cell Environment

The neuroinflammatory state of the central nervous system (CNS) plays a key role in physiological and pathological conditions. Microglia, the resident ...

Univ. Lille, INSERM

Histopathological diagnosis of biopsy samples and margin assessment of surgical specimens are challenging aspects in sarcoma. Using dog patient tissues, we assessed the performance of a recently developed technology for fast ex vivo molecular lipid-based diagnosis of sarcomas. The instrument is based on mass spectrometry (MS) molecular analysis through a laser microprobe operating under ambient conditions using excitation of endogenous water molecules. Classification models based on cancer/normal/necrotic, tumor grade, and subtypes showed a minimum of 97.63% correct classification. Specific markers of normal, cancer, and necrotic regions were identified by tandem MS and validated by MS imaging. Real-time detection capabilities were demonstrated by ex vivo analysis with direct interrogation of classification models.

Real-Time Molecular Diagnosis of Tumors Using Water-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Technology.

We report, for the first time, the detection and specific localization of long-chain acylcarnitines (LC ACs) along the lesion margins in an experimental model of spinal cord injury (SCI) using 3D mass spectrometry imaging (MSI). Acylcarnitines palmitoylcarnitine (AC(16:0)), palmitoleoylcarnitine (AC(16:1)), elaidic carnitine (AC(18:1)) and tetradecanoylcarnitine (AC(14:1)) were detected as early as 3 days post injury, and were present along the lesion margins 7 and 10 days after SCI induced by balloon compression technique in the rat. 3D MSI revealed the heterogeneous distribution of these lipids across the injured spinal cord, appearing well-defined at the lesion margins rostral to the lesion center, and becoming widespread and less confined to the margins at the region located caudally. The assigned acylcarnitines co-localize with resident microglia/macrophages detected along the lesion margins by immunofluorescence. Given the reported pro-inflammatory role of these acylcarnitines, their specific spatial localization along the lesion margin could hint at their potential pathophysiological roles in the progression of SCI.

3D MALDI mass spectrometry imaging reveals specific localization of long-chain acylcarnitines within a 10-day time window of spinal cord injury.

In healthy or pathological brains, the neuroinflammatory state is supported by a strong communication involving microglia and neurons. Recent studies indicate that extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, play a key role in the physiological interactions between cells allowing central nervous system (CNS) development and/or integrity. The present report used medicinal leech CNS to investigate microglia/neuron crosstalk from ex vivo approaches as well as primary cultures. The results demonstrated a large production of exosomes from microglia. Their incubation to primary neuronal cultures showed a strong interaction with neurites. In addition, neurite outgrowth assays demonstrated microglia exosomes to exhibit significant neurotrophic activities using at least a Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-β) family member, called nGDF (nervous Growth/Differentiation Factor). Of interest, the results also showed an EV-mediated dialog between leech microglia and rat cells highlighting this communication to be more a matter of molecules than of species. Taken together, the present report brings a new insight into the microglia/neuron crosstalk in CNS and would help deciphering the molecular evolution of such a cell communication in brain.

Medicinal Leech CNS as a Model for Exosome Studies in the Crosstalk between Microglia and Neurons.

Ghost proteins are issued from alternative Open Reading Frames (ORFs) and are missing a genome annotation. Indeed, historical filters applied for the detection of putative translated ORFs led to a wrong classification of transcripts considered as non-coding although translated proteins can be detected by proteomics. This Ghost (also called Alternative) proteome was neglected, and one major issue is to identify the implication of the Ghost proteins in the biological processes. In this context, we aimed to identify the protein-protein interactions (PPIs) of the Ghost proteins. For that, we re-explored a cross-link MS study performed on nuclei of HeLa cells using cross-linking mass spectrometry (XL-MS) associated with the HaltOrf database. Among 1679 cross-link interactions identified, 292 are involving Ghost Proteins. Forty-Four of these Ghost proteins are found to interact with 7 Reference proteins related to ribonucleoproteins, ribosome subunits and zinc finger proteins network. We, thus, have focused our attention on the heterotrimer between the RE/poly(U)-binding/degradation factor 1 (AUF1), the Ribosomal protein 10 (RPL10) and AltATAD2. Using I-Tasser software we performed docking models from which we could suggest the attachment of AUF1 on the external part of RPL10 and the interaction of AltATAD2 on the RPL10 region interacting with 5S ribosomal RNA as a mechanism of regulation of the ribosome. Taken together, these results reveal the importance of Ghost Proteins within known protein interaction networks.

Nuclei of HeLa cells interactomes unravel a network of ghost proteins involved in proteins translation.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a major health concerns with no clinically-approved FDA drug available for therapeutic intervention. Several genomics and neuroproteomics studies have been employed to decipher the underlying pathological mechanisms involved that can serve as potential neurotherapeutic targets and unveil a possible underlying relation of TBI to other secondary neurological disorders. In this work, we present a novel high throughput systems biology approach using a spatially resolved microproteomics platform conducted on different brain regions in an experimental rat model of moderate of controlled cortical injury (CCI) at a temporal pattern postinjury (1 day, 3 days, 7 days, and 10 days). Mapping the spatiotemporal landscape of signature markers in TBI revealed an overexpression of major protein families known to be implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD) such as GPR158, HGMB1, synaptotagmin and glutamate decarboxylase in the ipsilateral  bioinformatics docking experiments indicated the potential correlation between TBI and PD through alpha-synuclein. In an  model, stimulation with palmitoylcarnitine triggered an inflammatory response in macrophages and a regeneration processes in astrocytes which also further confirmed the  TBI proteomics data. Taken together, this is the first study to assess the microproteomics landscape in TBI, mainly in the  thus revealing a potential predisposition for PD or Parkinsonism post-TBI.

Mapping Spatiotemporal Microproteomics Landscape in Experimental Model of Traumatic Brain Injury Unveils a link to Parkinson's Disease.

Microglia cells are the primary immune population of the central nervous system with a role in the regulation of several physiological and pathological conditions. Upon appropriate stimulation, microglia cells can be polarized in a pro-inflammatory M1-like or anti-inflammatory M2-like status. Biological processes and pathways engaged in microglia polarization are starting to be elucidated. To help clarify this, we used a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) label free approach to characterize the proteomic profile of human microglia cell line (CHME-5) stimulated with gamma-interferon (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) to induce a M1 or M2 phenotype, respectively. Outside the classical M1/M2 polarization markers, the M1 status appears to center around the activation of a classical inflammatory response and through the activation of multiple signaling pathways. M2 polarization resulted in a different pattern of protein modulation related to RNA and cellular metabolic processes. Together, our findings provide information regarding the protein changes specific to M1 and M2 activation states, and potentially link the polarization of microglia cells to the acquisition of a specific proteomic profile.

Distinct Protein Expression Networks are Activated in Microglia Cells after Stimulation with IFN-γ and IL-4.

Adult stem cells have become prominent candidates for treating various diseases in veterinary practice. The main goal of our study was therefore to provide a comprehensive study of canine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSC) and conditioned media, isolated from healthy adult dogs of different breeds. Under well-defined standardized isolation protocols, the multipotent differentiation and specific surface markers of BMMSC were supplemented with their gene expression, proteomic profile, and their biological function. The presented data confirm that canine BMMSC express important genes for differentiation toward osteo-, chondro-, and tendo-genic directions, but also genes associated with angiogenic, neurotrophic, and immunomodulatory properties. Furthermore, using proteome profiling, we identify for the first time the dynamic release of various bioactive molecules, such as transcription and translation factors and osteogenic, growth, angiogenic, and neurotrophic factors from canine BMMSC conditioned medium. Importantly, the relevant genes were linked to their proteins as detected in the conditioned medium and further associated with angiogenic activity in chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. In this way, we show that the canine BMMSC release a variety of bioactive molecules, revealing a strong paracrine component that may possess therapeutic potential in various pathologies. However, extensive experimental or preclinical trials testing canine sources need to be performed in order to better understand their paracrine action, which may lead to novel therapeutic strategies in veterinary medicine.

Canine Bone Marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Genomics, Proteomics and Functional Analyses of Paracrine Factors.

Rapid, sensitive, precise and accurate analysis of samples in their native in vivo environment is critical to better decipher physiological and physiopathological mechanisms. SpiderMass is an ambient mass spectrometry (MS) system designed for mobile in vivo and real-time surface analyses of biological tissues. The system uses a fibered laser, which is tuned to excite the most intense vibrational band of water, resulting in a process termed water-assisted laser desorption/ionization (WALDI). The water molecules act as an endogenous matrix in a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI)-like scenario, leading to the desorption/ionization of biomolecules (lipids, metabolites and proteins). The ejected material is transferred to the mass spectrometer through an atmospheric interface and a transfer line that is several meters long. Here, we formulate a three-stage procedure that includes (i) a laser system setup coupled to a Waters Q-TOF or Thermo Fisher Q Exactive mass analyzer, (ii) analysis of specimens and (iii) data processing. We also describe the optimal setup for the analysis of cell cultures, fresh-frozen tissue sections and in vivo experiments on skin. With proper optimization, the system can be used for a variety of different targets and applications. The entire procedure takes 1-2 d for complex samples.

Water-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry for minimally invasive in vivo and real-time surface analysis using SpiderMass.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate intercellular communication and regulate a broad range of biological processes. Novel therapeutic strategies have emerged based on the use of EVs as biological nanoparticles. To separate isolated EVs from protein aggregates and the external part of EVs membrane proteins, we performed a Trypsin/Lys C digestion treatment of EVs pellets, followed by Amicon filtration. After these steps, all the fractions have been subjected to proteomic analyses. Comparison between 6 h Trypsin/Lys C treatment or non-treated EVs revealed a quantitative variation of the surface proteins. Some surface proteins have been demasked after 6 h enzymatic digestion like CD81, CD82, Ust, Vcan, Lamp 1, Rab43, Annexin A2, Synthenin, and VSP37b. Moreover, six ghost proteins have also been identified and one corresponds to a long noncoding RNA. We thus demonstrate the presence of ghost proteins in EVs produced by glioma cells that can contribute to tumorigenesis.

Article	Year
Real-Time Molecular Diagnosis of Tumors Using Water-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Technology. Cancer cell\| PubMed ID: 30344004	2018
3D MALDI mass spectrometry imaging reveals specific localization of long-chain acylcarnitines within a 10-day time window of spinal cord injury. Scientific reports\| PubMed ID: 30382158	2018
Medicinal Leech CNS as a Model for Exosome Studies in the Crosstalk between Microglia and Neurons. International journal of molecular sciences\| PubMed ID: 30572617	2018
Nuclei of HeLa cells interactomes unravel a network of ghost proteins involved in proteins translation. Biochimica et biophysica acta. General subjects\| PubMed ID: 31128158	2019
Mapping Spatiotemporal Microproteomics Landscape in Experimental Model of Traumatic Brain Injury Unveils a link to Parkinson's Disease. Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP\| PubMed ID: 31204315	2019
Distinct Protein Expression Networks are Activated in Microglia Cells after Stimulation with IFN-γ and IL-4. Cells\| PubMed ID: 31212874	2019
Canine Bone Marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Genomics, Proteomics and Functional Analyses of Paracrine Factors. Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP\| PubMed ID: 31285283	2019
Water-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry for minimally invasive in vivo and real-time surface analysis using SpiderMass. Nature protocols\| PubMed ID: 31597965	2019
Reference and Ghost Proteins Identification in Rat C6 Glioma Extracellular Vesicles. iScience\| PubMed ID: 32334413	2020

Michel Salzet

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