biotribological-testing-analysis-articular-cartilage-sliding-against

Biotribological Testing and Analysis of Articular Cartilage Sliding against Metal for Implants

Osteochondral defects in middle-aged patients might be treated with focal metallic implants. First developed for defects in the knee joint, implants are ...

Danube University Krems

The treatment of cartilage defects with matrix-embedded autologous chondrocytes is a promising method to support the repair process and to foster reconstitution of full functionality of the joint.

Mechanostimulation changes the catabolic phenotype of human dedifferentiated osteoarthritic chondrocytes.

Matrix-assisted autologous chondrocyte implantation is frequently applied to replace damaged cartilage in order to support tissue regeneration or repair and to prevent progressive cartilage degradation and osteoarthritis. Its application, however, is limited to primary defects and contraindicated in the case of osteoarthritis that is partially ascribed to dedifferentiation and phenotype alterations of chondrocytes obtainable from patients' biopsies. The differentiation state of chondrocytes is reflected at the level of structural gene (COL2A1, ACAN, COL1A1) and transcription factor (SOX9, 5, 6) expression.

Correlation Analysis of SOX9, -5, and -6 as well as COL2A1 and Aggrecan Gene Expression of Collagen I Implant-Derived and Osteoarthritic Chondrocytes.

An important feature of biomaterials used in cartilage regeneration is their influence on the establishment and stabilization of a chondrocytic phenotype of embedded cells. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a porous 3-dimensional scaffold made of cross-linked hyaluronic acid on the expression and synthesis performance of human articular chondrocytes.

A Novel Cross-Linked Hyaluronic Acid Porous Scaffold for Cartilage Repair: An In Vitro Study With Osteoarthritic Chondrocytes.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is described by an imbalance between anabolic and catabolic processes in the affected joint. This dysregulation of metabolism affects not only chondrocytes within cartilage tissue but also the cells of the synovial membrane across the border of the joint. An important factor in OA is the low viscosity of the synovial fluid. High-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid (HA) can be used to increase the viscosity and also reduce inflammatory processes. The purpose was to establish an in vitro inflammation model and to evaluate the effects of high-molecular-weight HA in a co-cultivation inflammation model of osteoarthritic chondrocytes and M1 macrophages.

Chondroprotective effect of high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid on osteoarthritic chondrocytes in a co-cultivation inflammation model with M1 macrophages.

Objective The purpose of the current study was to compare the donor age variation of chondrocytes from non-OA (osteoarthritic) trauma joints in patients of young to middle age (20.5 ± 3.7, 31.8 ± 1.9, 41.9 ± 4.1 years) embedded in matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte transplantation (MACT) grafts (CaReS). The chondrocyte-specific gene expression of CaReS grafts were then compared to chondrocytes from OA joints (in patients aged 63.8 ± 10 years) embedded in a collagen type I hydrogel. Design OA chondrocytes and articular chondrocyte-laden grafts were cultured over 14 days in chondrogenic growth medium. We performed reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to evaluate the mRNA expression levels of chondrocyte-specific and hypertrophic markers. Results Gene expression analysis with RT-qPCR revealed no significant difference in chondrocyte-specific genes ( COL2A1, ACAN, SOX9, SOX5, SOX6) among 3 different age group of patients with CaReS grafts. In a comparative analysis of OA chondrocytes to articular chondrocytes, chondrogenic markers ( COL2A1, SOX6) exhibited higher expression in OA chondrocytes ( P < 0.05). Hypertrophic or OA cartilage pathogenesis marker ( MMP3, MMP13) expression was higher and COL1A1 had significantly lower expression ( P < 0.05) in OA chondrocytes than articular chondrocytes when cultivated in collagen type I hydrogels. Conclusion In summary, we identify that donor age variation does not influence the chondrogenic gene expression of the CaReS system. We also identified that freshly isolated OA chondrocytes embedded in collagen type I hydrogels can exhibit chondrogenic gene expression as observed in articular chondrocytes on the CaReS grafts. Transforming OA chondrocytes to articular chondrocytes can be regarded as an alternative option in the MACT technique.

Chondrogenic Gene Expression Differences between Chondrocytes from Osteoarthritic and Non-OA Trauma Joints in a 3D Collagen Type I Hydrogel.

Articular cartilage defects are limited to their regenerative potential in human adults. Our current study evaluates tissue regeneration in a surgically induced empty defect site with hyaluronan thiomer as a provisional scaffold in a gel/matrix combination without cells on rabbit models to restore tissue formation.

Hyaluronan thiomer gel/matrix mediated healing of articular cartilage defects in New Zealand White rabbits-a pilot study.

RNA isolation from human or animal cartilage tissue is necessary when performing mechanical or biotribological applications. Despite no influence on the cells and no alterations in gene expression patterns, enzymatic digestion of tissues should be avoided as it's known that the expression of collagen 2 can be effected (Hayman et al., 2006 [1]). After mechanical or biotribological tests alternative options with an immediate disruption of the tissue should be contemplated. To obtain RNA, different tissue homogenization and disruption methods are available on the market (Yu et al., 2004 [2]), but not everyone is suitable for cartilage. Some of them neither homogenize the cartilage, while others are producing a lot of foam during disruption process. After trying some of the currently available methods, we chose the MagNA Lyser Instrument from Roche to disrupt the cartilage and further isolate RNA by using the Fibrous Tissue Kit from Qiagen. After RNA isolation, cDNA synthesis was performed by additionally adding RNA from bacteriophage MS2 for stabilization purposes. For the RTqPCR bovine primers were designed and tested for efficiency to confirm that the whole gene expression analysis is working. Our protocol explains a whole method to perform gene expression analysis from bovine cartilage, but can also be used for human or any other animal tissue.

A protocol for gene expression analysis of chondrocytes from bovine osteochondral plugs used for biotribological applications.

Articular cartilage regeneration is insufficient to restore sports injuries or defects that can occur from trauma. Treatment options for cartilage repair include autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) by isolation, expansion, and reimplantation of healthy donor chondrocytes. Chondrocyte expansion onto 2D substrates leads to dedifferentiation and loss of the cellular phenotype. We aimed to overcome the state of dedifferentiation by biochemical stimuli with platelet derivatives such as platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and hyperacute serum (HAS) to achieve sufficient cell numbers in combination with variable oxygen tension. Human articular chondrocytes from osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage chondrocytes were switched from 10% FCS supplementation to either 10% PRP or 10% HAS after initial passaging for further experiments under normoxic (20% O) or hypoxic (1% O) conditions. An XTT assay measured the effect of PRP or HAS on the cell proliferation at 3, 6, and 9 days. The chondrogenic redifferentiation potential of dedifferentiated chondrocytes was determined with reverse transcriptase quantitative real-time PCR for markers of expression for type II collagen (COL2A1), type I collagen (COL1A1), and matrix metalloproteinases MMP3, matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) at 24 and 72 h. Measured protein levels of 100% PRP or HAS by multiplex quantification revealed basic fibroblast growth factor, G-CSF, and PDGF were significantly higher in PRP than in HAS ( < 0.05) but LEPTIN levels did not differ. The quantified protein levels did not differ when isolated from same donors at a different time. Chondrocyte proliferation indicated that supplementation of 10% HAS enhanced the proliferation rate compared to 10% PRP or 10% FCS at 6 and 9 days significantly ( < 0.05). mRNA levels for expression of COL1A1 were significantly downregulated ( < 0.05) when cultured with 10% PRP than 10% HAS or 10% FCS under normoxic/hypoxic conditions. COL2A1 was significantly upregulated ( < 0.05) in PRP than 10% HAS or 10% FCS. MMP3 expression was downregulated after 72 h under all conditions. MMP13 was upregulated with 10% PRP at both 24 and 72 h but significantly downregulated under hypoxia (1% O) for all circumstances. While HAS has its effect on chondrocyte proliferation, PRP enhances both proliferation and redifferentiation of dedifferentiated chondrocytes. PRP can replace standard usage of FCS for chondrogenic priming and expansion as implications for clinical use such as ACI procedures.

Platelet-Rich Plasma Supports Proliferation and Redifferentiation of Chondrocytes during  Expansion.

Matrix-assisted autologous chondrocyte transplantation (MACT) for focal articular cartilage defects often fails to produce adequate cartilage-specific extracellular matrix in vitro and upon transplantation results in fibrocartilage due to dedifferentiation during cell expansion. This study aimed to redifferentiate the chondrocytes through supplementation of blood-products, such as hyperacute serum (HAS) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in vitro. Dedifferentiated monolayer chondrocytes embedded onto collagen type I hydrogels were redifferentiated through supplementation of 10% HAS or 10% PRP for 14 days in vitro under normoxia (20% O₂) and hypoxia (4% O₂). Cell proliferation was increased by supplementing HAS for 14 days ( < 0.05) or by interchanging from HAS to PRP during Days 7⁻14 ( < 0.05). Sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) content was deposited under both HAS, and PRP for 14 days and an interchange during Days 7⁻14 depleted the sGAG content to a certain extent. PRP enhanced the gene expression of anabolic markers COL2A1 and SOX9 ( < 0.05), whereas HAS enhanced COL1A1 production. An interchange led to reduction of COL1A1 and COL2A1 expression marked by increased MMP13 expression ( < 0.05). Chondrocytes secreted less IL-6 and more PDGF-BB under PRP for 14 days ( < 0.0.5). Hypoxia enhanced TGF-β1 and BMP-2 release in both HAS and PRP. Our study demonstrates a new approach for chondrocyte redifferentiation.

Redifferentiation of Articular Chondrocytes by Hyperacute Serum and Platelet Rich Plasma in Collagen Type I Hydrogels.

Autologous osteochondral transplantation (AOT) utilizing autografts is a widely used technique for the treatment of small-to-medium cartilage defects occurring in knee and ankle joints. The application of viable cartilage and bone ensures proper integration, early weight bearing, as well as restoration of biomechanical and biotribological properties. However, alignment of the autografts onto the defect site remains a pivotal aspect of reinstating the properties of the joint toward successful autograft integration. This is the first study to perform tests with different orientations of osteochondral grafts in a cartilage-on-cartilage test system. The objective was to estimate if there are differences between aligned and 90°-rotated grafts concerning molecular biological and biomechanical parameters. Tissue viability, assessed by XTT assay indicated lower metabolic activity in tested osteochondral grafts (aligned, p = 0.0148 and 90°-rotated, p = 0.0760) in favor of a higher anabolic gene expression (aligned, p = 0.0030 and 90°-rotated, 0.0027). Tissue structure was evaluated by Safranin O histology and microscopic images of the surface. Aligned and 90°-rotated grafts revealed no apparent differences between proteoglycan content or cracks and fissures on the cartilage surface. Test medium analyzed after tribological tests for their sulfated glycosaminoglycan content revealed no differences (p = 0.3282). During the tests, both the friction coefficient and the relative displacement between the two cartilage surfaces were measured, with no significant difference in both parameters (COF, p = 0.2232 and relative displacement, p = 0.3185). From the methods we deployed, this study can infer that there are no differences between aligned and 90°-rotated osteochondral grafts after tribological tests in the used ex vivo tissue model. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research® Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Orthopaedic Research Society. J Orthop Res.

Effect of osteochondral graft orientation in a biotribological test system.

The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the response of articular cartilage to frictional load when sliding against a metal implant, and identify potential mechanisms of damage to articular cartilage in a metal-on-cartilage pairing. Bovine osteochondral cylinders were reciprocally slid against metal cylinders (cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy) with several variations of load and sliding velocity using a microtribometer. The effects of different loads and velocities, and the resulting friction coefficients on articular cartilage, were evaluated by measuring histological and metabolic outcomes. Moreover, the biotribocorrosion of the metal was determined. Chondrocytes stimulated with high load and velocity showed increased metabolic activity and cartilage-specific gene expression. In addition, higher load and velocity resulted in biotribocorrosion of the metal implant and damage to the surface of the articular cartilage, whereas low velocity and a high coefficient of friction increased the expression of catabolic genes. Articular cartilage showed particular responses to load and velocity when sliding against a metal implant. Moreover, metal implants showed tribocorrosion. Therefore, corrosion particles may play a role in the mechano-biochemical wear of articular cartilage after implantation of a metal implant. These findings may be useful to surgeons performing resurfacing procedures and total knee arthroplasty. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research® published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Orthopaedic Research Society J Orthop Res 37:2531-2539, 2019.

Effects of Loading Conditions on Articular Cartilage in a Metal-on-Cartilage Pairing.

Cobalt and chromium (CoCr) ions from metal implants are released into the joint due to biotribocorrosion, inducing apoptosis and altering gene expression in various cell types. Here, we asked whether CoCr ions concentration-dependently changed viability, transcriptional activity, and inflammatory response in human articular chondrocytes.

Article	Year
Mechanostimulation changes the catabolic phenotype of human dedifferentiated osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA\| PubMed ID: 25377190	2015
Correlation Analysis of SOX9, -5, and -6 as well as COL2A1 and Aggrecan Gene Expression of Collagen I Implant-Derived and Osteoarthritic Chondrocytes. Cartilage\| PubMed ID: 27047641	2016
A Novel Cross-Linked Hyaluronic Acid Porous Scaffold for Cartilage Repair: An In Vitro Study With Osteoarthritic Chondrocytes. Cartilage\| PubMed ID: 27375842	2016
Chondroprotective effect of high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid on osteoarthritic chondrocytes in a co-cultivation inflammation model with M1 macrophages. Journal of inflammation (London, England)\| PubMed ID: 27625590	2016
Chondrogenic Gene Expression Differences between Chondrocytes from Osteoarthritic and Non-OA Trauma Joints in a 3D Collagen Type I Hydrogel. Cartilage\| PubMed ID: 28345415	2017
Hyaluronan thiomer gel/matrix mediated healing of articular cartilage defects in New Zealand White rabbits-a pilot study. Journal of experimental orthopaedics\| PubMed ID: 28470629	2017
A protocol for gene expression analysis of chondrocytes from bovine osteochondral plugs used for biotribological applications. MethodsX\| PubMed ID: 29124019	2017
Platelet-Rich Plasma Supports Proliferation and Redifferentiation of Chondrocytes during Expansion. Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology\| PubMed ID: 29270404	2017
Redifferentiation of Articular Chondrocytes by Hyperacute Serum and Platelet Rich Plasma in Collagen Type I Hydrogels. International journal of molecular sciences\| PubMed ID: 30646566	2019
Effect of osteochondral graft orientation in a biotribological test system. Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society\| PubMed ID: 30690777	2019
Effects of Loading Conditions on Articular Cartilage in a Metal-on-Cartilage Pairing. Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society\| PubMed ID: 31334864	2019
Concentration-Dependent Effects of Cobalt and Chromium Ions on Osteoarthritic Chondrocytes. Cartilage\| PubMed ID: 31779468	2019

Christoph Bauer

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