planarian-scrunching-as-quantitative-behavioral-readout-for-noxious

Planarian Scrunching as a Quantitative Behavioral Readout for Noxious Stimuli Sensing

Freshwater planarians normally glide smoothly through ciliary propulsion on their ventral side. Certain environmental conditions, however, can induce ...

Swarthmore College

High temperature stress responses are vital for plant survival. The mechanisms that plants use to sense high temperatures are only partially understood and involve multiple sensing and signaling pathways. Here we describe the development of the RootScope, an automated microscopy system for quantitating heat shock responses in plant roots.

The RootScope: a simple high-throughput screening system for quantitating gene expression dynamics in plant roots.

Protein folding and degradation are both required for protein quality control, an essential cellular activity that underlies normal growth and development. We investigated how , an  small heat shock protein, maintains normal plant development.  mutants exhibit organ polarity defects and have expanded domains of KNOX gene expression. Some of these phenotypes are ecotype specific suggesting that other genes function to modify them. Using a genetic approach we identified an interaction between  and , a gene required for abaxial organ identity. We also performed an EMS enhancer screen using the  allele to identify pathways that are sensitized by a loss of  function. This screen identified genetic, but not physical, interactions between  and the proteasome subunit  Two other proteasome subunits,  and , also interact genetically with  Both  and the -interacting proteasome subunits had previously been shown to interact genetically with the transcriptional enhancers  and , genes known to regulate both organ polarity and KNOX gene expression. Our results suggest a model in which  mediated protein folding and proteasome mediated protein degradation form a functional proteostasis module required for ensuring normal plant development.

Genetic Interactions Between  and Multiple 26S Proteasome Subunits Suggest a Role for Proteostasis in Regulating  Development.

In response to noxious stimuli, planarians cease their typical ciliary gliding and exhibit an oscillatory type of locomotion called scrunching. We have previously characterized the biomechanics of scrunching and shown that it is induced by specific stimuli, such as amputation, noxious heat, and extreme pH. Because these specific inducers are known to activate Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels in other systems, we hypothesized that TRP channels control scrunching. We found that chemicals known to activate TRPA1 (allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) and hydrogen peroxide) and TRPV (capsaicin and anandamide) in other systems induce scrunching in the planarian species Dugesia japonica and, except for anandamide, in Schmidtea mediterranea. To confirm that these responses were specific to either TRPA1 or TRPV, respectively, we tried to block scrunching using selective TRPA1 or TRPV antagonists and RNA interference (RNAi) mediated knockdown. Unexpectedly, co-treatment with a mammalian TRPA1 antagonist, HC-030031, enhanced AITC-induced scrunching by decreasing the latency time, suggesting an agonistic relationship in planarians. We further confirmed that TRPA1 in both planarian species is necessary for AITC-induced scrunching using RNAi. Conversely, while co-treatment of a mammalian TRPV antagonist, SB-366791, also enhanced capsaicin-induced reactions in D. japonica, combined knockdown of two previously identified D. japonica TRPV genes (DjTRPVa and DjTRPVb) did not inhibit capsaicin-induced scrunching. RNAi of DjTRPVa/DjTRPVb attenuated scrunching induced by the endocannabinoid and TRPV agonist, anandamide. Overall, our results show that although scrunching induction can involve different initial pathways for sensing stimuli, this behavior's signature dynamical features are independent of the inducer, implying that scrunching is a stereotypical planarian escape behavior in response to various noxious stimuli that converge on a single downstream pathway. Understanding which aspects of nociception are conserved or not across different organisms can provide insight into the underlying regulatory mechanisms to better understand pain sensation.

Pharmacological or genetic targeting of Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels can disrupt the planarian escape response.

High-throughput screening (HTS) using new approach methods is revolutionizing toxicology. Asexual freshwater planarians are a promising invertebrate model for neurotoxicity HTS because their diverse behaviors can be used as quantitative readouts of neuronal function. Currently, three planarian species are commonly used in toxicology research: Dugesia japonica, Schmidtea mediterranea, and Girardia tigrina. However, only D. japonica has been demonstrated to be suitable for HTS. Here, we assess the two other species for HTS suitability by direct comparison with D. japonica. Through quantitative assessments of morphology and multiple behaviors, we assayed the effects of 4 common solvents (DMSO, ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate) and a negative control (sorbitol) on neurodevelopment. Each chemical was screened blind at 5 concentrations at two time points over a twelve-day period. We obtained two main results: First, G. tigrina and S. mediterranea planarians showed significantly reduced movement compared to D. japonica under HTS conditions, due to decreased health over time and lack of movement under red lighting, respectively. This made it difficult to obtain meaningful readouts from these species. Second, we observed species differences in sensitivity to the solvents, suggesting that care must be taken when extrapolating chemical effects across planarian species. Overall, our data show that D. japonica is best suited for behavioral HTS given the limitations of the other species. Standardizing which planarian species is used in neurotoxicity screening will facilitate data comparisons across research groups and accelerate the application of this promising invertebrate system for first-tier chemical HTS, helping streamline toxicology testing.

Article	Year
The RootScope: a simple high-throughput screening system for quantitating gene expression dynamics in plant roots. BMC plant biology\| PubMed ID: 24119322	2013
Genetic Interactions Between and Multiple 26S Proteasome Subunits Suggest a Role for Proteostasis in Regulating Development. G3 (Bethesda, Md.)\| PubMed ID: 29487187	2018
Pharmacological or genetic targeting of Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels can disrupt the planarian escape response. PloS one\| PubMed ID: 31805147	2019
Dugesia japonica is the best suited of three planarian species for high-throughput toxicology screening. Chemosphere\| PubMed ID: 32298908	2020

Christina Rabeler

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