nanoparticle-tracking-analysis-gold-nanoparticles-aqueous-media

Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis of Gold Nanoparticles in Aqueous Media through an Inter-Laboratory Comparison

In the field of nanotechnology, analytical characterization plays a vital role in understanding the behavior and toxicity of nanomaterials (NMs). ...

University of Oxford

We demonstrate with transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy that single-walled carbon nanotubes contain significant amounts of iron in the form of Fe(3)O(4), which even after acid washing, is not removed.

Super-washing does not leave single walled carbon nanotubes iron-free.

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes with molybdenum dioxide nanoplugs--new chemical nanoarchitectures by electrochemical modification.

The fate of nanomaterials when they enter the environment is an issue of increasing concern and thus it is important to know how they interact with natural organic molecules since this may have a significant impact on the particles' behavior. Because of our poor knowledge in this regard, the interaction of ZnO nanoparticles with amino acids of contrasting surface charge, including Histidine (HIS), Glycine (GLY), Aspartic acid (ASP) and Glutamic acid (GLU) which occur commonly in natural habitats, such as the plant root zone, was investigated over a range of pH conditions and concentrations. The addition of the individual amino acid led to significant changes in nanoparticle colloidal zeta potential stability, particle size distribution and the extent of agglomeration. Variations in pH resulted in considerable changes in nanoparticle surface charge and hydrodynamic size. In general, the particle size distribution decreased as the amino acid concentration increased, with more acidic conditions exacerbating this effect. In addition, increased concentrations of amino acids resulted in more stable nanoparticles in aqueous suspensions. Histidine had the greatest effect on colloidal stability, followed by Glycine, Aspartic acid and finally Glutamic acid. This study illustrates how nanoparticle behavior may change in the presence of naturally occurring amino acids, an important consideration when assessing the fate of nanoparticles in the environment. Additionally, utilization of amino acids in industrial processes could reduce particle agglomeration and it could lead to a way of employing more sustainable reagents.

Potential environmental influence of amino acids on the behavior of ZnO nanoparticles.

Monodisperse, size-controlled Ni-P nanoparticles were synthesised in a single step process using triphenyl-phosphane (TPP), oleylamine (OA), and Ni(II)acetyl-acetonate. The nanoparticles were amorphous, contained ~30 at% P and their size was controlled between 7-21 nm simply by varying the amount of TPP. They are catalytically active for tailored carbon nanotube growth.

Facile, fast, and inexpensive synthesis of monodisperse amorphous nickel-phosphide nanoparticles of predefined size.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) are used in large quantities by the cosmetic, food and textile industries. Here we exposed Caenorhabditis elegans wild-type and a metal sensitive triple knockout mutant (mtl-1;mtl-2;pcs-1) to ZnONPs (0-50mg/L) to study strain and exposure specific effects on transcription, reactive oxygen species generation, the biomolecular phenotype (measured by Raman microspectroscopy) and key endpoints of the nematode life cycle (growth, reproduction and lifespan). A significant dissolution effect was observed, where dissolved ZnO constituted over 50% of total Zn within a two day exposure to the test medium, suggesting that the nominal exposure to pure ZnONPs represents in vivo, at best, a mixture exposure of ionic zinc and nanoparticles. Nevertheless, the analyses provided evidence that the metallothioneins (mtl-1 and mtl-2), the phytochelatin synthase (pcs-1) and an apoptotic marker (cep-1) were transcriptionally activated. In addition, the DCFH-DA assay provided in vitro evidence of the oxidative potential of ZnONPs in the metal exposure sensitive triple mutant. Raman spectroscopy highlighted that the biomolecular phenotype changes significantly in the mtl-1;mtl-2;pcs-1 triple knockout worm upon ZnONP exposure, suggesting that these metalloproteins are instrumental in the protection against cytotoxic damage. Finally, ZnONP exposure was shown to decrease growth and development, reproductive capacity and lifespan, effects which were amplified in the triple knockout. By combining diverse toxicological strategies, we identified that individuals (genotypes) housing mutations in key metalloproteins and phytochelatin synthase are more susceptible to ZnONP exposure, which underlines their importance to minimize ZnONP induced toxicity. 

Metalloproteins and phytochelatin synthase may confer protection against zinc oxide nanoparticle induced toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Methods for chemical surface functionalization for carbon black (CB) nanoparticles were studied to produce (CB)/polypropylene (PP) nanocomposites with superior electrical and thermal properties. Nanoparticle dispersion is known to directly control the extent to which nanocomposites maximize the unique attributes of their nanoscale fillers. As a result, tailored nanoparticle surface chemistry is a widely utilized method to enhance the interfacial interactions between nanoparticles and polymer matrices, assisting improved filler dispersion. In this work, a rapid chemical functionalization approach using a number of diarylcarbene derivatives, followed by the azo-coupling of substituted diazonium salts, for the covalent introduction of selected functional groups to the CB surface, is reported. Characterization of the modified CB by XPS, TGA, CHN, and ATR-IR collectively confirmed surface functionalization, estimating surface grafting densities of the order of 10(13) and 10(14) molecules/cm(2). Nanocomposites, synthesized by solvent mixing PP with pristine and modified CB, demonstrated macroscopic property changes as a result of the nanoparticle surface functionalization. Pronounced improvements were observed for PP nanocomposites prepared with a dodecyl-terminated diaryl functionalized CB, in which TEM analysis established improved nanofiller dispersion owing to the enhanced CB-PP interfacial interactions in the nanocomposite. Observed dielectric relaxation responses at 20 wt % loading and a reduced percolation threshold realized conductivities of 1.19 × 10(-4) S cm(-1) at 10 wt %, compared to 2.62 × 10(-15) S cm(-1) for pristine CB/PP nanocomposites at the same filler loading. In addition, thermal properties signify an increase in the number of nucleation sites by the raised degree of crystallinity as well as increased melting and crystallization temperatures.

New Routes to Functionalize Carbon Black for Polypropylene Nanocomposites.

Si-based high-capacity materials have gained much attention as an alternative to graphite in Li-ion battery anodes. Although Si additions to graphite anodes are now commercialized, the fraction of Si that can be usefully exploited is restricted due to its poor cyclability arising from the large volume changes during charge/discharge. Si/SiO  nanocomposites have also shown promising behavior, such as better capacity retention than Si alone because the amorphous SiO  helps to accommodate the volume changes of the Si. Here, we demonstrate a new electrode architecture for further advancing the performance of Si/SiO  nanocomposite anodes using a scalable layer-by-layer atomization spray deposition technique. We show that particulate C interlayers between the current collector and the Si/SiO  layer and between the separator and the Si/SiO  layer improved electrical contact and reduced irreversible pulverization of the Si/SiO  significantly. Overall, the multiscale approach based on microstructuring at the electrode level combined with nanoengineering at the material level improved the capacity, rate capability, and cycling stability compared to that of an anode comprising a random mixture of the same materials.

Article	Year
Super-washing does not leave single walled carbon nanotubes iron-free. The Analyst\| PubMed ID: 17180174	2007
Multiwalled carbon nanotubes with molybdenum dioxide nanoplugs--new chemical nanoarchitectures by electrochemical modification. Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)\| PubMed ID: 17193562	2006
Potential environmental influence of amino acids on the behavior of ZnO nanoparticles. Chemosphere\| PubMed ID: 21220148	2011
Facile, fast, and inexpensive synthesis of monodisperse amorphous nickel-phosphide nanoparticles of predefined size. Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)\| PubMed ID: 21384023	2011
Metalloproteins and phytochelatin synthase may confer protection against zinc oxide nanoparticle induced toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology & pharmacology : CBP\| PubMed ID: 24333255	2014
New Routes to Functionalize Carbon Black for Polypropylene Nanocomposites. Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids\| PubMed ID: 27417277	2016
Multiscale Engineered Si/SiO Nanocomposite Electrodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Layer-by-Layer Spray Deposition. ACS applied materials & interfaces\| PubMed ID: 29676903	2018

Kerstin Jurkschat

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