extraction-and-dissection-of-the-domesticated-pig-brain

Extraction and Dissection of the Domesticated Pig Brain

Use of the pig as a preclinical and translatable animal model has been well-documented and accepted by research fields investigating cardiovascular ...

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Adequate choline supply during the perinatal period is critical for proper brain formation, when robust neurogenesis and neuronal maturation occur. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the impact of perinatal choline status on neurodevelopment.

Perinatal choline deficiency delays brain development and alters metabolite concentrations in the young pig.

Accurate quantitative non-invasive assessments of arterial cerebral blood volume (aCBV) can greatly benefit the study of cerebral vascular health in both humans and in animal models. In recent years, progress has been made in the techniques available to quantify CBV with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Here, we compared a non-invasive technique, measuring inflowing vascular space occupancy with dynamic subtraction (iVASO-ds) with a contrast-based vascular space occupancy measurement in piglets. In addition, we measured how the iVASO-ds derived aCBV changed with piglet development from 4 weeks to 8 weeks. Our results indicate that there is a significant correlation between the non-invasive iVASO-ds derived aCBV and CBV quantified using a gadolinium contrast agent, despite the contrast-based method providing significantly higher estimates of CBV resulting from challenges inherent to using the contrast-based technique. In addition, it was possible to see significant increases in blood volume across 4 weeks to 8 weeks in pig development with the non-invasive technique. Our results suggest that the non-invasive technique, iVASO-ds can assess aCBV in the developing piglet, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally, and has significant advantages over the contrast-based quantification method.

Noninvasive imaging of cerebral blood volume in piglets with vascular occupancy MR imaging and inflow vascular space occupancy with dynamic subtraction.

Human milk contains a unique profile of oligosaccharides (OS) and preliminary evidence suggests they impact brain development. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of bovine and/or human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) (2'-fucosyllactose and Lacto-N-neotetraose) on cognition, brain development, and hippocampal gene expression. Beginning on postnatal day (PND) 2, male pigs received one of four milk replacers containing bovine milk oligosaccharides (BMOS), HMO, both (BMOS + HMO), or neither. Pigs were tested on the novel object recognition task using delays of 1- or 48-h at PND 22. At PND 32-33, magnetic resonance imaging procedures were used to assess structural brain development and hippocampal tissue was collected for analysis of mRNA expression. Pigs consuming only HMO exhibited recognition memory after a 1-h delay and those consuming BMOS + HMO exhibited recognition memory after a 48-h delay. Both absolute and relative volumes of cortical and subcortical brain regions were altered by diet. Hippocampal mRNA expression of , , , and  were most strongly affected by diet. HMO and BMOS had distinct effects on brain structure and cognitive performance. These data suggest different mechanisms underlie their influence on brain development.

Human and Bovine Milk Oligosaccharides Elicit Improved Recognition Memory Concurrent With Alterations in Regional Brain Volumes and Hippocampal mRNA Expression.

Article	Year
Perinatal choline deficiency delays brain development and alters metabolite concentrations in the young pig. Nutritional neuroscience\| PubMed ID: 26046479	2016
Noninvasive imaging of cerebral blood volume in piglets with vascular occupancy MR imaging and inflow vascular space occupancy with dynamic subtraction. Magnetic resonance imaging\| PubMed ID: 29540331	2018
Human and Bovine Milk Oligosaccharides Elicit Improved Recognition Memory Concurrent With Alterations in Regional Brain Volumes and Hippocampal mRNA Expression. Frontiers in neuroscience\| PubMed ID: 32903658	2020

Austin T. Mudd

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