using-the-gal4-uas-system-for-functional-genetics-in-anopheles-gambiae

Using the GAL4-UAS System for Functional Genetics in <em>Anopheles gambiae</em>

The bipartite GAL4-UAS system is a versatile and powerful tool for functional genetic analysis. The essence of the system is to cross transgenic 'driver' ...

Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine

IMBB FORTH

University of Crete

liverpool school of tropical medicine

The role of cuticle changes in insecticide resistance in the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae was assessed. The rate of internalization of (14)C deltamethrin was significantly slower in a resistant strain than in a susceptible strain. Topical application of an acetone insecticide formulation to circumvent lipid-based uptake barriers decreased the resistance ratio by ∼50%. Cuticle analysis by electron microscopy and characterization of lipid extracts indicated that resistant mosquitoes had a thicker epicuticular layer and a significant increase in cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) content (∼29%). However, the CHC profile and relative distribution were similar in resistant and susceptible insects. The cellular localization and in vitro activity of two P450 enzymes, CYP4G16 and CYP4G17, whose genes are frequently overexpressed in resistant Anopheles mosquitoes, were analyzed. These enzymes are potential orthologs of the CYP4G1/2 enzymes that catalyze the final step of CHC biosynthesis in Drosophila and Musca domestica, respectively. Immunostaining indicated that both CYP4G16 and CYP4G17 are highly abundant in oenocytes, the insect cell type thought to secrete hydrocarbons. However, an intriguing difference was indicated; CYP4G17 occurs throughout the cell, as expected for a microsomal P450, but CYP4G16 localizes to the periphery of the cell and lies on the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane, a unique position for a P450 enzyme. CYP4G16 and CYP4G17 were functionally expressed in insect cells. CYP4G16 produced hydrocarbons from a C18 aldehyde substrate and thus has bona fide decarbonylase activity similar to that of dmCYP4G1/2. The data support the hypothesis that the coevolution of multiple mechanisms, including cuticular barriers, has occurred in highly pyrethroid-resistant An gambiae.

Cytochrome P450 associated with insecticide resistance catalyzes cuticular hydrocarbon production in Anopheles gambiae.

Resistance in  to members of all 4 major classes (pyrethroids, carbamates, organochlorines, and organophosphates) of public health insecticides limits effective control of malaria transmission in Africa. Increase in expression of detoxifying enzymes has been associated with insecticide resistance, but their direct functional validation in  is still lacking. Here, we perform transgenic analysis using the GAL4/UAS system to examine insecticide resistance phenotypes conferred by increased expression of the 3 genes-, , and -most often found up-regulated in resistant  We report evidence in  that organophosphate and organochlorine resistance is conferred by overexpression of GSTE2 in a broad tissue profile. Pyrethroid and carbamate resistance is bestowed by similar  overexpression, and  confers only pyrethroid resistance when overexpressed in the same tissues. Conversely, such  overexpression increases susceptibility to the organophosphate malathion, presumably due to conversion to the more toxic metabolite, malaoxon. No resistant phenotypes are conferred when either  gene overexpression is restricted to the midgut or oenocytes, indicating that neither tissue is involved in insecticide resistance mediated by the candidate P450s examined. Validation of genes conferring resistance provides markers to guide control strategies, and the observed negative cross-resistance due to  gives credence to proposed dual-insecticide strategies to overcome pyrethroid resistance. These transgenic -resistant lines are being used to test the "resistance-breaking" efficacy of active compounds early in their development.

Functional genetic validation of key genes conferring insecticide resistance in the major African malaria vector, .

Pyrethroid-impregnated bed nets have driven considerable reductions in malaria-associated morbidity and mortality in Africa since the beginning of the century. The intense selection pressure exerted by bed nets has precipitated widespread and escalating resistance to pyrethroids in African Anopheles populations, threatening to reverse the gains that been made by malaria control. Here we show that expression of a sensory appendage protein (SAP2), which is enriched in the legs, confers pyrethroid resistance to Anopheles gambiae. Expression of SAP2 is increased in insecticide-resistant populations and is further induced after the mosquito comes into contact with pyrethroids. SAP2 silencing fully restores mortality of the mosquitoes, whereas SAP2 overexpression results in increased resistance, probably owing to high-affinity binding of SAP2 to pyrethroid insecticides. Mining of genome sequence data reveals a selective sweep near the SAP2 locus in the mosquito populations of three West African countries (Cameroon, Guinea and Burkina Faso) with the observed increase in haplotype-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms mirroring the increasing resistance of mosquitoes to pyrethroids reported in Burkina Faso. Our study identifies a previously undescribed mechanism of insecticide resistance that is likely to be highly relevant to malaria control efforts.

A sensory appendage protein protects malaria vectors from pyrethroids.

Fenazaquin, pyridaben, tolfenpyrad and fenpyroximate are Complex I inhibitors offering a new mode of action for insecticidal malaria vector control. However, extended exposure to pyrethroid based products such as long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) has created mosquito populations that are largely pyrethroid-resistant, often with elevated levels of P450s that can metabolise and neutralise diverse substrates. To assess cross-resistance liabilities of the Complex I inhibitors, we profiled their susceptibility to metabolism by P450s associated with pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae (CYPs 6M2, 6P3, 6P4, 6P5, 9J5, 9K1, 6Z2) and An. funestus (CYP6P9a). All compounds were highly susceptible. Transgenic An. gambiae overexpressing CYP6M2 or CYP6P3 showed reduced mortality when exposed to fenpyroximate and tolfenpyrad. Mortality from fenpyroximate was also reduced in pyrethroid-resistant strains of An. gambiae (VK7 2014 and Tiassalé 13) and An. funestus (FUMOZ-R). P450 inhibitor piperonyl butoxide (PBO) significantly enhanced the efficacy of fenpyroximate and tolfenpyrad, fully restoring mortality in fenpyroximate-exposed FUMOZ-R. Overall, results suggest that in vivo and in vitro assays are a useful guide in the development of new vector control products, and that the Complex I inhibitors tested are susceptible to metabolic cross-resistance and may lack efficacy in controlling pyrethroid resistant mosquitoes.

New insecticide screening platforms indicate that Mitochondrial Complex I inhibitors are susceptible to cross-resistance by mosquito P450s that metabolise pyrethroids.

Article	Year
Cytochrome P450 associated with insecticide resistance catalyzes cuticular hydrocarbon production in Anopheles gambiae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America\| PubMed ID: 27439866	2016
Functional genetic validation of key genes conferring insecticide resistance in the major African malaria vector, . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America\| PubMed ID: 31801878	2019
A sensory appendage protein protects malaria vectors from pyrethroids. Nature\| PubMed ID: 31875852	2020
New insecticide screening platforms indicate that Mitochondrial Complex I inhibitors are susceptible to cross-resistance by mosquito P450s that metabolise pyrethroids. Scientific reports\| PubMed ID: 33004954	2020

Amalia Anthousi

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