reliable-acquisition-electroencephalography-data-during-simultaneous

Reliable Acquisition of Electroencephalography Data during Simultaneous Electroencephalography and Functional MRI

Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), EEG-fMRI, combines the complementary properties of scalp EEG ...

National Institute of Information and Communications Technology

When a degraded two-tone image such as a "Mooney" image is seen for the first time, it is unrecognizable in the initial seconds. The recognition of such an image is facilitated by giving prior information on the object, which is known as top-down facilitation and has been intensively studied. Even in the absence of any prior information, however, we experience sudden perception of the emergence of a salient object after continued observation of the image, whose processes remain poorly understood. This emergent recognition is characterized by a comparatively long reaction time ranging from seconds to tens of seconds. In this study, to explore this time-consuming process of emergent recognition, we investigated the properties of the reaction times for recognition of degraded images of various objects. The results show that the time-consuming component of the reaction times follows a specific exponential function related to levels of image degradation and subject's capability. Because generally an exponential time is required for multiple stochastic events to co-occur, we constructed a descriptive mathematical model inspired by the neurophysiological idea of combination coding of visual objects. Our model assumed that the coincidence of stochastic events complement the information loss of a degraded image leading to the recognition of its hidden object, which could successfully explain the experimental results. Furthermore, to see whether the present results are specific to the task of emergent recognition, we also conducted a comparison experiment with the task of perceptual decision making of degraded images, which is well known to be modeled by the stochastic diffusion process. The results indicate that the exponential dependence on the level of image degradation is specific to emergent recognition. The present study suggests that emergent recognition is caused by the underlying stochastic process which is based on the coincidence of multiple stochastic events. 

Stochastic process underlying emergent recognition of visual objects hidden in degraded images.

Neuroimaging studies have revealed that patients with schizophrenia exhibit reduced gray matter volume in various regions. With these findings, various studies have indicated that structural MRI can be useful for the diagnosis of schizophrenia. However, multisite studies are limited. Here, we evaluated a simple model that could be used to differentiate schizophrenia from control subjects considering MRI scanner differences employing voxel-based morphometry.

Differentiation of schizophrenia using structural MRI with consideration of scanner differences: A real-world multisite study.

[(3)Graph Theory].

In cognitive rehabilitation, errorless (EL) and trial-and-error (T&E) learning are well-known methods, but their neural mechanisms are not well known. In this study, we investigated functional magnetic resonance imaging data for healthy adults during EL and T&E learning.

Functional network activity during errorless and trial-and-error color-name association learning.

Brain functional connectivity in the resting-state represents intrinsic functional states and correlates with cognitive performance. In patients with schizophrenia, reports on the relationships between forms of functional disconnectivity in local areas and cognitive disability have used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data. Meanwhile, cognitive deficits in relation to inter-network forms of functional connectivity on a large scale are not well understood. This study examines cognitive functions in relation to the number of resting-state inter-network forms of functional connectivity focusing on task-positive networks (fronto-parietal network [FPN] and cingulo-opercular network [CON]) and task-negative network (default mode network [DMN]). We compare patients with schizophrenia (SCH group) and healthy controls (HC group). We conducted a functional network analysis by applying graph theory and evaluated cognitive functions using the . The number of forms of functional connectivity between FPN and DMN and between CON and DMN were significantly higher in SCH group than in HC group, and those in SCH group were also weakly correlated with their attention scores. It is suggested that fewer than typical functional segregations between task-positive and task-negative networks in SCH group relate to inefficient distribution of cognitive resources and low attentional abilities.

Cognitive functions relating to aberrant interactions between task-positive and task-negative networks: Resting fMRI study of patients with schizophrenia.

Article	Year
Stochastic process underlying emergent recognition of visual objects hidden in degraded images. PloS one\| PubMed ID: 25542034	2014
Differentiation of schizophrenia using structural MRI with consideration of scanner differences: A real-world multisite study. Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences\| PubMed ID: 31587444	2020
[(3)Graph Theory]. No shinkei geka. Neurological surgery\| PubMed ID: 32201397	2020
Functional network activity during errorless and trial-and-error color-name association learning. Brain and behavior\| PubMed ID: 32558312	2020
Cognitive functions relating to aberrant interactions between task-positive and task-negative networks: Resting fMRI study of patients with schizophrenia. Applied neuropsychology. Adult\| PubMed ID: 33280403	2020

Tetsuya Shimokawa

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