brain-pericyte-calcium-hemodynamic-imaging-transgenic-mice

Brain Pericyte Calcium and Hemodynamic Imaging in Transgenic Mice <em>In Vivo</em>

Recent advances in protein biology and mouse genetics have made it possible to measure intracellular calcium fluctuations of brain cells in vivo and to ...

University of Manitoba

The pathological hallmarks of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) diseases are the deposition of a misfolded form of a host-encoded protein (PrPres), marked astrocytosis, microglial activation and spongiosis. The development of powerful gene based technologies has permitted increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines to be demonstrated. However, due to the use of assays of differing sensitivities and typically the analysis of a single model system it remained unclear whether this was a general feature of these diseases or to what extent different model systems and routes of infection influenced the relative levels of expression. Similarly, it was not clear whether the elevated levels of cytokines observed in the brain were accompanied by similar increases in other tissues that accumulate PrPres, such as the spleen.

Differential expression of interferon responsive genes in rodent models of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy disease.

The bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) epidemic and the emergence of a new human variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) have led to profound changes in the production and trade of agricultural goods. The rapid tests currently approved for BSE monitoring in slaughtered cattle are all based on the detection of the disease related isoform of the prion protein, PrPd, in brain tissue and consequently are only suitable for post-mortem diagnosis.

The identification of disease-induced biomarkers in the urine of BSE infected cattle.

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are glutamate-gated cation channels that mediate excitatory neurotransmission in the central nervous system. In addition to glutamate, NMDA receptors are also activated by coagonist binding of the gliotransmitter, D-serine. Neuronal NMDA receptors mediate activity-dependent blood flow regulation in the brain. Our objective was to determine whether NMDA receptors expressed by brain endothelial cells can induce vasodilation of isolated brain arteries. Adult mouse middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) were isolated, pressurized, and preconstricted with norepinephrine. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor agonists, glutamate and NMDA, significantly dilated MCAs in a concentration-dependent manner in the presence of D-serine but not alone. Dilation was significantly inhibited by NMDA receptor antagonists, D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate and 5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid, indicating a response dependent on NMDA receptor glutamate and D-serine binding sites, respectively. Vasodilation was inhibited by denuding the endothelium and by selective inhibition or genetic knockout of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). We also found evidence for expression of the pan-NMDA receptor subunit, NR1, in mouse primary brain endothelial cells, and for the NMDA receptor subunit NR2C in cortical arteries in situ. Overall, we conclude that NMDA receptor coactivation by glutamate and D-serine increases lumen diameter in pressurized MCA in an endothelial and eNOS-dependent mechanism.

Article	Year
Differential expression of interferon responsive genes in rodent models of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy disease. Molecular neurodegeneration\| PubMed ID: 17367538	2007
The identification of disease-induced biomarkers in the urine of BSE infected cattle. Proteome science\| PubMed ID: 18775071	2008
Coactivation of NMDA receptors by glutamate and D-serine induces dilation of isolated middle cerebral arteries. Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism\| PubMed ID: 22068228	2012

Michael Stobart

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