longitudinal-intravital-imaging-through-clear-silicone-windows

Longitudinal Intravital Imaging Through Clear Silicone Windows

Intravital microscopy (IVM) enables visualization of cell movement, division, and death at single-cell resolution. IVM through surgically inserted imaging ...

University of Michigan

C/EBPalpha is a critical mediator of terminal differentiation and a tumor suppressor through its strong antiproliferative actions on cell cycle regulatory proteins. C/EBPalpha also appears to regulate androgen receptor (AR) AR signaling. There, is a paucity of information on the expression and sub-cellular localization of C/EBPalpha in normal mouse and human prostate and in prostate cancer.

Expression and sub-cellular localization of the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha in relation to postnatal development and malignancy of the prostate.

The contribution of oxidative stress to diabetic complications including neuropathy is widely known. Mitochondrial and cellular damage are associated with the overproduction of reactive oxygen species and decreased levels or function of the cellular antioxidant mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2). We hypothesized that targeted SOD2 deletion in the peripheral nervous system using cre-lox technology under control of the nestin promoter would accelerate neuropathy in a type 2 model of diabetes, the BKS.db/db mouse. SOD2-deficient mice, however, demonstrated severe gait deformities and seizures and died by 20 days of age. Examination of SOD2 expression levels revealed that SOD2 was lost in brain and reduced in the spinal cord, but appeared normal in dorsal root ganglia and peripheral nerves in SOD2-deficient mice. These findings indicate incomplete targeted knockout of SOD2. Morphological examination revealed cortical lesions similar to spongiform encephalopathy in the brain of SOD2-deficient mice. No lesions were evident in the spinal cord, but changes in myelin within the sciatic and sural nerves including a lack of cohesion between layers of compact myelin were observed. Together, these results indicate that targeted neuronal SOD2 knockout using the nestin promoter results in severe central nervous system degeneration and perinatal lethality in mice. A specific peripheral nervous system-targeting construct is required to examine the consequences of SOD2 knockout in diabetic neuropathy.

Neurodegeneration and early lethality in superoxide dismutase 2-deficient mice: a comprehensive analysis of the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Pancreatic cancer is a deadly malignancy that lacks effective therapeutics. We previously reported that oncogenic Kras induced the redox master regulator Nfe2l2/Nrf2 to stimulate pancreatic and lung cancer initiation. Here, we show that NRF2 is necessary to maintain pancreatic cancer proliferation by regulating mRNA translation. Specifically, loss of NRF2 led to defects in autocrine epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling and oxidation of specific translational regulatory proteins, resulting in impaired cap-dependent and cap-independent mRNA translation in pancreatic cancer cells. Combined targeting of the EGFR effector AKT and the glutathione antioxidant pathway mimicked Nrf2 ablation to potently inhibit pancreatic cancer ex vivo and in vivo, representing a promising synthetic lethal strategy for treating the disease. 

NRF2 Promotes Tumor Maintenance by Modulating mRNA Translation in Pancreatic Cancer.

To develop NB-201, a nanoemulsion compound, as a novel microbicidal agent against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection, which is a common threat to public health but with limited therapeutic options.

Nanoemulsion is an effective antimicrobial for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in infected wounds.

Disruption of the balanced modulation of reversible tyrosine phosphorylation has been implicated in the etiology of various human cancers, including breast cancer.  () resides in chromosomal region 3p21.3, which is hemizygously or homozygously lost in some breast cancer patients. In a loss-of-function PTPome screen, our laboratory identified PTPN23 as a suppressor of cell motility and invasion in mammary epithelial and breast cancer cells. Now, our TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) database analyses illustrate a correlation between low PTPN23 expression and poor survival in breast cancers of various subtypes. Therefore, we investigated the tumor-suppressive function of PTPN23 in an orthotopic transplantation mouse model. Suppression of PTPN23 in Comma 1Dβ cells induced breast tumors within 56 wk. In PTPN23-depleted tumors, we detected hyperphosphorylation of the autophosphorylation site tyrosine in the SRC family kinase (SFK) FYN as well as Tyr142 in β-catenin. We validated the underlying mechanism of PTPN23 function in breast tumorigenesis as that of a key phosphatase that normally suppresses the activity of FYN in two different models. We demonstrated that tumor outgrowth from PTPN23-deficient BT474 cells was suppressed in a xenograft model in vivo upon treatment with AZD0530, an SFK inhibitor. Furthermore, double knockout of  and  via CRISPR/CAS9 also attenuated tumor outgrowth from  knockout Cal51 cells. Overall, this mechanistic analysis of the tumor-suppressive function of PTPN23 in breast cancer supports the identification of FYN as a therapeutic target for breast tumors with heterozygous or homozygous loss of .

Suppression of protein tyrosine phosphatase N23 predisposes to breast tumorigenesis via activation of FYN kinase.

Mutations in members of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling family are common events in cancer, but the mechanisms whereby disruption of SWI/SNF components alters tumorigenesis remain poorly understood. To model the effect of loss of function mutations in the SWI/SNF subunit Arid1a in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) initiation, we directed shRNA triggered, inducible and reversible suppression of Arid1a to the mouse pancreas in the setting of oncogenic Kras. Arid1a cooperates with Kras in the adult pancreas as postnatal silencing of Arid1a following sustained Kras expression induces rapid and irreversible reprogramming of acinar cells into mucinous PDAC precursor lesions. In contrast, Arid1a silencing during embryogenesis, concurrent with Kras activation, leads to retention of acinar cell fate. Together, our results demonstrate Arid1a as a critical modulator of Kras-dependent changes in acinar cell identity, and underscore an unanticipated influence of timing and genetic context on the effects of SWI/SNF complex alterations in epithelial tumorigenesis.

Arid1a restrains Kras-dependent changes in acinar cell identity.

To follow-up on our previous report that acarbose (ACA), a drug that blocks postprandial glucose spikes, increases mouse lifespan, we studied ACA at three doses: 400, 1,000 (the original dose), and 2,500 ppm, using genetically heterogeneous mice at three sites. Each dose led to a significant change (by log-rank test) in both sexes, with larger effects in males, consistent with the original report. There were no significant differences among the three doses. The two higher doses produced 16% or 17% increases in median longevity of males, but only 4% or 5% increases in females. Age at the 90th percentile was increased significantly (8%-11%) in males at each dose, but was significantly increased (3%) in females only at 1,000 ppm. The sex effect on longevity is not explained simply by weight or fat mass, which were reduced by ACA more in females than in males. ACA at 1,000 ppm reduced lung tumors in males, diminished liver degeneration in both sexes and glomerulosclerosis in females, reduced blood glucose responses to refeeding in males, and improved rotarod performance in aging females, but not males. Three other interventions were also tested: ursolic acid, 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl) benzothiazole (HBX), and INT-767; none of these affected lifespan at the doses tested. The acarbose results confirm and extend our original report, prompt further attention to the effects of transient periods of high blood glucose on aging and the diseases of aging, including cancer, and should motivate studies of acarbose and other glucose-control drugs in humans.

Acarbose improves health and lifespan in aging HET3 mice.

C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) is expressed on monocytes and facilitates their recruitment to tumors. Though breast cancer cells also express CCR2, its functions in these cells are unclear. We found that Ccr2 deletion in cancer cells led to reduced tumor growth and approximately twofold longer survival in an orthotopic, isograft breast cancer mouse model. Deletion of Ccr2 in cancer cells resulted in multiple alterations associated with better immune control: increased infiltration and activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and CD103+ cross-presenting dendritic cells (DCs), as well as up-regulation of MHC class I and down-regulation of checkpoint regulator PD-L1 on the cancer cells. Pharmacological or genetic targeting of CCR2 increased cancer cell sensitivity to CTLs and enabled the cancer cells to induce DC maturation toward the CD103+ subtype. Consistently, Ccr2-/- cancer cells did not induce immune suppression in Batf3-/- mice lacking CD103+ DCs. Our results establish that CCR2 signaling in cancer cells can orchestrate suppression of the immune response.

Cancer cell CCR2 orchestrates suppression of the adaptive immune response.

Lung adenocarcinoma, the most prevalent lung cancer subtype, is characterized by its high propensity to metastasize. Despite the importance of metastasis in lung cancer mortality, its underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain largely elusive. Here, we identified  miRNAs as potent suppressors for lung adenocarcinoma metastasis.  expression is specifically repressed in mouse metastatic lung adenocarcinomas, and  decrease strongly correlates with poor patient survival. Consistently, deletion of -/ in the   ;   lung adenocarcinoma mouse model significantly promoted metastasis, generating a desmoplastic tumor stroma highly reminiscent of metastatic human lung cancer. - deficiency in lung cancer cells promotes the proliferation and activation of adjacent cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which in turn elevates the metastatic potential of cancer cells.  regulates the functional interaction between cancer cells and CAFs, at least in part, by targeting Notch ligand Jagged1 and Jagged2 in cancer cells and inducing Notch activation in adjacent CAFs. Hence, the interaction between cancer cells and CAFs constitutes an essential mechanism to promote metastatic potential.

Article	Year
Expression and sub-cellular localization of the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha in relation to postnatal development and malignancy of the prostate. The Prostate\| PubMed ID: 18481268	2008
Neurodegeneration and early lethality in superoxide dismutase 2-deficient mice: a comprehensive analysis of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Neuroscience\| PubMed ID: 22516022	2012
NRF2 Promotes Tumor Maintenance by Modulating mRNA Translation in Pancreatic Cancer. Cell\| PubMed ID: 27477511	2016
Nanoemulsion is an effective antimicrobial for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in infected wounds. Nanomedicine (London, England)\| PubMed ID: 28447896	2017
Suppression of protein tyrosine phosphatase N23 predisposes to breast tumorigenesis via activation of FYN kinase. Genes & development\| PubMed ID: 29066500	2017
Arid1a restrains Kras-dependent changes in acinar cell identity. eLife\| PubMed ID: 30014851	2018
Acarbose improves health and lifespan in aging HET3 mice. Aging cell\| PubMed ID: 30688027	2019
Cancer cell CCR2 orchestrates suppression of the adaptive immune response. The Journal of experimental medicine\| PubMed ID: 32667673	2020
deficiency promotes lung cancer metastasis by activating Notch signaling in cancer-associated fibroblasts. Genes & development\| PubMed ID: 34301766	2021

John Erby Wilkinson

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