isolation-of-stably-transfected-melanoma-cell-clones

Isolation of Stably Transfected Melanoma Cell Clones

Cell populations that have stable changes in their genomic information are widely used by scientists as a research model. They do not require repeated ...

gelatin-zymography-to-detect-gelatinase-activity-in-melanoma-cells

Gelatin Zymography to Detect Gelatinase Activity in Melanoma Cells

Melanoma cells, having highly invasive properties, exhibit the formation of invadopodia&#8212;structures formed by tumor cells and responsible for the ...

University of Wrocław

Thymosin β4 (Tβ4), a multifunctional 44-amino acid polypeptide and a member of actin-binding proteins (ABPs), plays an important role in developmental processes and wound healing. In recent years an increasing number of data has been published suggesting Tβ4's involvement in tumorigenesis. However, Tβ4's role in melanoma tumor development still remains to be elucidated. In our study we demonstrate that Tβ4 is crucial for melanoma adhesion and invasion. For the purpose of our research we tested melanoma cell lines differing in invasive potential. Moreover, we applied shRNAs to silence  (gene encoding Tβ4) expression in a cell line with high  expression. We found out that Tβ4 is not only a component of focal adhesions (FAs) and interacts with several FAs components but also regulates FAs formation. We demonstrate that Tβ4 level has an impact on FAs' number and morphology. Moreover, manipulation with  expression resulted in changes in cells' motility on non-coated and Matrigel (resembling basement membrane composition)-coated surfaces and drastically decreased invasion abilities of the cells. Additionally, a correlation between Tβ4 expression level and exhibition of mesenchymal-like [epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)] features was discovered. Cells with lowered  expression were less EMT-progressed than control cells. Summarizing, obtained results show that Tβ4 by regulating melanoma cells' adhesion has an impact on motility features and EMT. Our study not only contributes to a better understanding of the processes underlying melanoma cells' capacity to create metastases but also highlights Tβ4 as a potential target for melanoma management therapy.

Thymosin β4 Regulates Focal Adhesion Formation in Human Melanoma Cells and Affects Their Migration and Invasion.

Non-muscle actins have been studied for many decades; however, the reason for the existence of both isoforms is still unclear. Here we show, for the first time, a successful inactivation of the  (CRISPR clones with inactivated , CR-) and  (CRISPR clones with inactivated , CR-) genes in human melanoma cells (A375) via the RNA-guided D10A mutated Cas9 nuclease gene editing [CRISPR/Cas9(D10A)] technique. This approach allowed us to evaluate how melanoma cell motility was impacted by the lack of either β actin coded by  or γ actin coded by . First, we observed different distributions of β and γ actin in the cells, and the absence of one actin isoform was compensated for via increased expression of the other isoform. Moreover, we noted that γ actin knockout had more severe consequences on cell migration and invasion than β actin knockout. Next, we observed that the formation rate of bundled stress fibers in CR- cells was increased, but lamellipodial activity in these cells was impaired, compared to controls. Finally, we discovered that the formation rate of focal adhesions (FAs) and, subsequently, FA-dependent signaling were altered in both the CR- and CR- clones; however, a more detrimental effect was observed for γ actin-deficient cells. Our research shows that both non-muscle actins play distinctive roles in melanoma cells' FA formation and motility.

Knockout of  and  with CRISPR/Cas9(D10A) Technique Shows that Non-Muscle β and γ Actin Are Not Equal in Relation to Human Melanoma Cells' Motility and Focal Adhesion Formation.

We have recently found that β-actin-like protein 2 (actbl2) forms complexes with gelsolin in human melanoma cells and can polymerize. Phylogenetic and bioinformatic analyses showed that actbl2 has a common origin with two non-muscle actins, which share a separate history from the muscle actins. The actin groups' divergence started at the beginning of vertebrate evolution, and actbl2 actins are characterized by the largest number of non-conserved amino acid substitutions of all actins. We also discovered that ACTBL2 is expressed at a very low level in several melanoma cell lines, but a small subset of cells exhibited a high ACTBL2 expression. We found that clones with knocked-out ACTBL2 (CR-ACTBL2) or overexpressing actbl2 (OE-ACTBL2) differ from control cells in the invasion, focal adhesion formation, and actin polymerization ratio, as well as in the formation of lamellipodia and stress fibers. Thus, we postulate that actbl2 is the seventh actin isoform and is essential for cell motility.

The origin of the expressed retrotransposed gene ACTBL2 and its influence on human melanoma cells' motility and focal adhesion formation.

In order to protrude within a dense tissue, tumor cells have to develop the ability to digest the extracellular matrix (ECM). Melanoma cells, similarly to other types of tumor cells, form invadopodia, membranous invaginations rich in filamentous actin and several other proteins including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). MMPs degrade ECM structural proteins such as collagens, fibronectin, or laminin. Here we describe an assay that allows the detection of gelatinase activity exhibited by tumor cells under 2D conditions and methods to present obtained data in both a quantitative and a qualitative manner.

A Fluorescent Gelatin Degradation Assay to Study Melanoma Breakdown of Extracellular Matrix.

Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a small, 44-amino acid polypeptide. It has been implicated in multiple processes, including cell movement, angiogenesis, and stemness. Previously, we reported that melanoma cell lines differ in Tβ4 levels. Studies on stable clones with silenced  expression showed that Tβ4 impacted adhesion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition progression. Here, we show that the cells with silenced  expression exhibited altered actin cytoskeleton's organization and subcellular relocalization of two intermediate filament proteins: Nestin and Vimentin. The rearrangement of the cell cytoskeleton resulted in changes in the cells' topology, height, and stiffness defined by Young's modulus. Simultaneously, only for some A375 clones with a lowered Tβ4 level, we observed a decreased ability to initiate colony formation in soft agar, tumor formation in vivo, and alterations in Nanog's expression level transcription factor regulating stemness. Thus, we show for the first time that in A375 cells, biomechanical properties are not directly coupled to stemness features, and this cell line is phenotypically heterogeneous.

Changes in Biomechanical Properties of A375 Cells Due to the Silencing of  Expression Are Not Directly Correlated with Alterations in Their Stemness Features.

Skin melanocytes reside on the basement membrane (BM), which is mainly composed of laminin, collagen type IV, and proteoglycans. For melanoma cells, in order to invade into the skin, melanocytes must cross the BM. It has been reported that changes in the composition of the BM accompany melanocytes tumorigenesis. Previously, we reported high gelsolin (GSN)-an actin-binding protein-levels in melanoma cell lines and GSN's importance for migration of A375 cells. Here we investigate whether melanoma cells migrate differently depending on the type of fibrous extracellular matrix protein. We obtained A375 melanoma cells deprived of GSN synthesis and tested their migratory properties on laminin, collagens type I and IV, fibronectin, and Matrigel, which resembles the skin's BM. We applied confocal and structured illuminated microscopy (SIM), gelatin degradation, and diverse motility assays to assess GSN's influence on parameters associated with cells' ability to protrude. We show that GSN is important for melanoma cell migration, predominantly on laminin, which is one of the main components of the skin's BM.

Gelsolin Contributes to the Motility of A375 Melanoma Cells and This Activity Is Mediated by the Fibrous Extracellular Matrix Protein Profile.

In mammalian cells, SLC35A2 delivers UDP-galactose for galactosylation reactions that take place predominantly in the Golgi lumen. Mutations in the corresponding gene cause a subtype of a congenital disorder of glycosylation (SLC35A2-CDG). Although more and more patients are diagnosed with SLC35A2-CDG, the link between defective galactosylation and disease symptoms is not fully understood. According to a number of reports, impaired glycosylation may trigger the process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We therefore examined whether the loss of SLC35A2 activity would promote EMT in a non-malignant epithelial cell line. For this purpose, we knocked out the  gene in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. The resulting clones adopted an elongated, spindle-shaped morphology and showed impaired cell-cell adhesion. Using qPCR and western blotting, we revealed down-regulation of E-cadherin in the knockouts, while the fibronectin and vimentin levels were elevated. Moreover, the knockout cells displayed reorganization of vimentin intermediate filaments and altered subcellular distribution of a vimentin-binding protein, formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase (FTCD). Furthermore, depletion of SLC35A2 triggered Golgi compaction. Finally, the  knockouts displayed increased motility and invasiveness. In conclusion, SLC35A2-deficient MDCK cells showed several hallmarks of EMT. Our findings point to a novel role for SLC35A2 as a gatekeeper of the epithelial phenotype.

ArticleTotal : 2	Year
Publication title Cited by 5	2022
Publication title Cited by 10	2022

Article	Year
Thymosin β4 Regulates Focal Adhesion Formation in Human Melanoma Cells and Affects Their Migration and Invasion. Frontiers in cell and developmental biology\| PubMed ID: 31921836	2019
Knockout of and with CRISPR/Cas9(D10A) Technique Shows that Non-Muscle β and γ Actin Are Not Equal in Relation to Human Melanoma Cells' Motility and Focal Adhesion Formation. International journal of molecular sciences\| PubMed ID: 32326615	2020
The origin of the expressed retrotransposed gene ACTBL2 and its influence on human melanoma cells' motility and focal adhesion formation. Scientific reports\| PubMed ID: 33558623	2021
A Fluorescent Gelatin Degradation Assay to Study Melanoma Breakdown of Extracellular Matrix. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)\| PubMed ID: 33704704	2021
Changes in Biomechanical Properties of A375 Cells Due to the Silencing of Expression Are Not Directly Correlated with Alterations in Their Stemness Features. Cells\| PubMed ID: 33807338	2021
Gelsolin Contributes to the Motility of A375 Melanoma Cells and This Activity Is Mediated by the Fibrous Extracellular Matrix Protein Profile. Cells\| PubMed ID: 34440617	2021
SLC35A2 Deficiency Promotes an Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition-like Phenotype in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Cells. Cells\| PubMed ID: 35892570	2022

Ewa Mazurkiewicz

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