biplanar-videoradiography-dataset-for-model-based-pose-estimation

Biplanar Videoradiography Dataset for Model-based Pose Estimation Development and New User Training

Measuring the motion of the small foot bones is critical for understanding pathological loss of function. Biplanar videoradiography is well-suited to ...

Queen’s University

The function of the human foot is described dichotomously as a compliant structure during mid-stance and a stiff lever during push-off. The arch-spring and the windlass mechanisms, respectively, describe each of these behaviours; however, their interaction has not been quantified to date. We hypothesized that by engaging the windlass mechanism with metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) dorsiflexion, we would observe stiffening of the arch and reduced energy absorption and dissipation during dynamic compressions of the foot. Using a custom apparatus, the MTPJ angle was fixed at 30 degrees of plantarflexion, neutral or 30 degrees of dorsiflexion for nine participants, with the shank positioned similarly to the end of mid-stance. The arch was compressed at two speeds, with the faster speed comparable to walking around 1.5 m s Six cameras captured the compression and elongation of the arch, along with other kinematic variables, synchronously with the ground reaction force. Combining these measures, we computed the energy absorbed, returned and dissipated in the arch. Contrary to our hypothesis, when the windlass mechanism was engaged, the arch elongated more, and absorbed and dissipated more energy than when it was not engaged. This engagement of the windlass altered the rotational axis of the mid-foot, which probably oriented the arch-spanning structures closer to their resting length, increasing their compliance. This study provides novel evidence for an interplay between the windlass and arch-spring mechanisms that aids in regulation of energy storage within the foot.

Influence of the windlass mechanism on arch-spring mechanics during dynamic foot arch deformation.

Surgical skills training has traditionally been limited to formalin embalming that does not provide a realistic model. The aim of this study was to qualitatively and quantitatively compare Thiel and phenol-based soft-embalming techniques: qualitatively in a surgical training setup, and quantitatively by comparing the mechanical and histomorphometric properties of skin specimens embalmed using each method.

Qualitative and quantitative comparison of Thiel and phenol-based soft-embalmed cadavers for surgery training.

Human legs operate like springs with adjustable stiffness during locomotion, improving movement economy and versatility. The potential for the foot to contribute to this spring-like mechanism has been established. However, due to previous modelling approaches assuming a rigid-foot segment, it is unknown if ankle and foot quasi-stiffness can be actively regulated, quasi-stiffness being a measure of joint deformation under an applied load. In this study, we sought to determine if midfoot quasi-stiffness was increased in a similar manner as the ankle with increasing load demands, and if these changes were mediated by increased activation of the intrinsic foot muscles. We also quantified differences in measures of ankle joint quasi-stiffness attributable to the modelling assumption of a rigid-foot segment versus a multi-segment foot. Twenty-two healthy individuals performed a single-leg hopping task at three frequencies (2.0 Hz, 2.3 Hz, and 2.6 Hz) while measuring lower limb kinematics, kinetics and muscle activation (EMG). Kinetics and kinematics were calculated at the midfoot and using two different ankle models: rigid-foot model (shank-foot) and an anatomical ankle (shank-calcaneus). Midfoot quasi-stiffness increased with hopping-frequency (p < 0.05), while contact phase intrinsic foot muscle activation decreased (p < 0.05). The assumption of a rigid-foot model overestimated ankle ROM by ~10° and underestimated ankle quasi-stiffness by 45-60%. This study demonstrates that midfoot quasi-stiffness increases with hopping-frequency; however, the mechanism for these changes remains unclear. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the need to assess the ankle and foot independently, using appropriate models, to avoid significant inaccuracies in basic ankle kinematic and kinetic outputs, such as range of motion and joint quasi-stiffness.

Regulation of foot and ankle quasi-stiffness during human hopping across a range of frequencies.

The arch of the human foot is unique among hominins as it is compliant at ground contact but sufficiently stiff to enable push-off. These behaviours are partly facilitated by the ligamentous plantar fascia whose role is central to two mechanisms. The ideal windlass mechanism assumes that the plantar fascia has a nearly constant length to directly couple toe dorsiflexion with a change in arch shape. However, the plantar fascia also stretches and then shortens throughout gait as the arch-spring stores and releases elastic energy. We aimed to understand how the extensible plantar fascia could behave as an ideal windlass when it has been shown to strain throughout gait, potentially compromising the one-to-one coupling between toe arc length and arch length. We measured foot bone motion and plantar fascia elongation using high-speed X-ray during running. We discovered that toe plantarflexion delays plantar fascia stretching at foot strike, which probably modifies the distribution of the load through other arch tissues. Through a pure windlass effect in propulsion, a quasi-isometric plantar fascia's shortening is delayed to later in stance. The plantar fascia then shortens concurrently to the windlass mechanism, likely enhancing arch recoil at push-off.

The extensibility of the plantar fascia influences the windlass mechanism during human running.

A statistical shape model was created for a young adult population and used to predict tibia and fibula geometries from bony landmarks. Reconstruction errors with respect to CT data were quantified and compared to isometric scaling. Shape differences existed between sexes. The statistical shape model estimated tibia-fibula geometries from landmarks with high accuracy (RMSE = 1.51-1.62 mm), improving upon isometric scaling (RMSE = 1.78 mm). Reconstruction errors increased when the model was applied to older adults (RMSE = 2.11-2.17 mm). Improvements in geometric accuracy with shape model reconstruction changed hamstring moment arms 25-35% (1.0-1.3 mm) in young adults.

Article	Year
Influence of the windlass mechanism on arch-spring mechanics during dynamic foot arch deformation. Journal of the Royal Society, Interface\| PubMed ID: 30111662	2018
Qualitative and quantitative comparison of Thiel and phenol-based soft-embalmed cadavers for surgery training. Anatomia, histologia, embryologia\| PubMed ID: 32059261	2020
Regulation of foot and ankle quasi-stiffness during human hopping across a range of frequencies. Journal of biomechanics\| PubMed ID: 32636016	2020
The extensibility of the plantar fascia influences the windlass mechanism during human running. Proceedings. Biological sciences\| PubMed ID: 33468002	2021
A statistical shape model of the tibia-fibula complex: sexual dimorphism and effects of age on reconstruction accuracy from anatomical landmarks. Computer methods in biomechanics and biomedical engineering\| PubMed ID: 34730046	2021

Lauren Welte

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