methods-for-rearing-parasitoid-ganaspis-brasiliensis-promising

Methods for Rearing the Parasitoid <em>Ganaspis brasiliensis</em>, a Promising Biological Control Agent for the Invasive <em>Drosophila suzukii</em>

Native to East Asia, the spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), has established widely in the Americas, Europe, ...

Fondazione Edmund Mach

The ability to identify and locate conspecifics depends on reliable transfer of information between emitter and receiver. For a majority of plant-dwelling insects communicating with substrate-borne vibrations, localization of a potential partner may be a difficult task due to their small body size and complex transmission properties of plants. In the present study, we used the leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus as a model to investigate duetting and mate searching associated with pair formation. Studying these insects on a natural substrate, we showed that the spatio-temporal structure of a vibrational duet and the perceived intensity of partner's signals influence the mating behaviour. Identification, localization and courtship stages were each characterized by a specific duet structure. In particular, the duet structure differed in synchronization between male and female pulses, which enables identification of the partner, while the switch between behavioural stages was associated with the male-perceived intensity of vibrational signals. This suggests that males obtain the information about their distance from the female and optimize their strategy accordingly. More broadly, our results show that even in insects smaller than 1cm, vibrational signals provide reliable information needed to find a mating partner. 

The process of pair formation mediated by substrate-borne vibrations in a small insect.

Drosophila suzukii is an invasive pest that prefers to lay eggs in ripening fruits, whereas most closely related Drosophila species exclusively use rotten fruit as oviposition site. This behaviour is allowed by an enlarged and serrated ovipositor that can pierce intact fruit skin, and by multiple contact sensory systems (mechanosensation and taste) that detect the optimal egg-laying substrates. Here, we tested the hypothesis that bristles present in the D. suzukii ovipositor tip contribute to these sensory modalities. Analysis of the bristle ultrastructure revealed that four different types of cuticular elements (conical pegs type 1 and 2, chaetic and trichoid sensilla) are present on the tip of each ovipositor plate. All of them have a poreless shaft and are innervated at their base by a single neuron that ends in a distal tubular body, thus resembling mechanosensitive structures. Fluorescent labelling in D. suzukii and D. melanogaster revealed that pegs located on the ventral side of the ovipositor tip are innervated by a single neuron in both species. RNA-sequencing profiled gene expression, notably sensory receptor genes of the terminalia of D. suzukii and of three other Drosophila species with changes in their ovipositor structure (from serrated to blunt ovipositor: Drosophila subpulchrella, Drosophila biarmipes and D. melanogaster). Our results revealed few species-specific transcripts and an overlapping expression of candidate mechanosensitive genes as well as the presence of some chemoreceptor transcripts. These experimental evidences suggest a mechanosensitive function for the D. suzukii ovipositor, which might be crucial across Drosophila species independently from ovipositor shape.

Structural and transcriptional evidence of mechanotransduction in the Drosophila suzukii ovipositor.

 is a gall-inducing insect, which can cause significant damage on plants of the genus  Mill., 1754. Antennae and ovipositor are the main sensory organs involved in the location of suitable oviposition sites. Antennal sensilla are involved in the host plant location, while ovipositor sensilla assess the suitability of the ovipositional bud. On both organs, diverse sensillar organs are present. Here, the distribution and ultrastructural organization of the sensilla were investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The antennae of  are filiform and composed of 14 antennomeres, with the distal flagellomere bearing the highest number of sensilla. On the antennae, 6 sensilla types were found; sensilla chaetica, campaniformia, coeloconica-I, coeloconica-II, trichoidea and placoidea. The sensilla placoidea and trichoidea were the most abundant types. On the external walls of the ovipositor, gustatory and mechanoreceptive sensilla were observed. Internally, the egg channel hosted two additional sensory structures. The putative functional role of each sensilla in the context of insect's ecology is discussed as well as the ovipositional mechanism used by this insect.

Fine Morphology of Antennal and Ovipositor Sensory Structures of the Gall Chestnut Wasp, .

Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) also known as spotted-wing drosophila (SWD), is a pest native to Southeast Asia. In the last few decades, the pest has expanded its range to affect all major European and American fruit production regions. SWD is a highly adaptive insect that is able to disperse, survive, and flourish under a range of environmental conditions. Infestation by SWD generates both direct and indirect economic impacts through yield losses, shorter shelf life of infested fruit, and increased production costs. Fresh markets, frozen berries, and fruit export programs have been impacted by the pest due to zero tolerance for fruit infestation. As SWD control programs rely heavily on insecticides, exceedance of maximum residue levels (MRLs) has also resulted in crop rejections. The economic impact of SWD has been particularly severe for organic operations, mainly due to the limited availability of effective insecticides. Integrated pest management (IPM) of SWD could significantly reduce chemical inputs but would require substantial changes to horticultural management practices. This review evaluates the most promising methods studied as part of an IPM strategy against SWD across the world. For each of the considered techniques, the effectiveness, impact, sustainability, and stage of development are discussed.

Article	Year
The process of pair formation mediated by substrate-borne vibrations in a small insect. Behavioural processes\| PubMed ID: 25101559	2014
Structural and transcriptional evidence of mechanotransduction in the Drosophila suzukii ovipositor. Journal of insect physiology\| PubMed ID: 32652080	2020
Fine Morphology of Antennal and Ovipositor Sensory Structures of the Gall Chestnut Wasp, . Insects\| PubMed ID: 33803090	2021
Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae): A Decade of Research Towards a Sustainable Integrated Pest Management Program. Journal of economic entomology\| PubMed ID: 34516634	2021

Marco Valerio Rossi-Stacconi

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