in-vitro-assay-plasmodium-infected-red-blood-cell-killing-cytotoxic

<em>In Vitro</em> Assay of <em>Plasmodium</em>-Infected Red Blood Cell Killing by Cytotoxic Lymphocytes

Malaria is a major public health concern, presenting more than 200 million cases per year worldwide. Despite years of scientific efforts, protective ...

Fundação Oswaldo Cruz

Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais

Plasmodium vivax causes approximately 100 million clinical malaria cases yearly. The basis of protective immunity is poorly understood and thought to be mediated by antibodies. Cytotoxic CD8 T cells protect against other intracellular parasites by detecting parasite peptides presented by human leukocyte antigen class I on host cells. Cytotoxic CD8 T cells kill parasite-infected mammalian cells and intracellular parasites by releasing their cytotoxic granules. Perforin delivers the antimicrobial peptide granulysin and death-inducing granzymes into the host cell, and granulysin then delivers granzymes into the parasite. Cytotoxic CD8 T cells were thought to have no role against Plasmodium spp. blood stages because red blood cells generally do not express human leukocyte antigen class I. However, P. vivax infects reticulocytes that retain the protein translation machinery. Here we show that P. vivax-infected reticulocytes express human leukocyte antigen class I. Infected patient circulating CD8 T cells highly express cytotoxic proteins and recognize and form immunological synapses with P. vivax-infected reticulocytes in a human leukocyte antigen-dependent manner, releasing their cytotoxic granules to kill both host cell and intracellular parasite, preventing reinvasion. P. vivax-infected reticulocytes and parasite killing is perforin independent, but depends on granulysin, which generally efficiently forms pores only in microbial membranes. We find that P. vivax depletes cholesterol from the P. vivax-infected reticulocyte cell membrane, rendering it granulysin-susceptible. This unexpected T cell defense might be mobilized to improve P. vivax vaccine efficacy.

Cytotoxic CD8 T cells recognize and kill Plasmodium vivax-infected reticulocytes.

Activated Vγ9Vδ2 (γδ2) T lymphocytes that sense parasite-produced phosphoantigens are expanded in Plasmodium falciparum-infected patients. Although previous studies suggested that γδ2 T cells help control erythrocytic malaria, whether γδ2 T cells recognize infected red blood cells (iRBCs) was uncertain. Here we show that iRBCs stained for the phosphoantigen sensor butyrophilin 3A1 (BTN3A1). γδ2 T cells formed immune synapses and lysed iRBCs in a contact, phosphoantigen, BTN3A1 and degranulation-dependent manner, killing intracellular parasites. Granulysin released into the synapse lysed iRBCs and delivered death-inducing granzymes to the parasite. All intra-erythrocytic parasites were susceptible, but schizonts were most sensitive. A second protective γδ2 T cell mechanism was identified. In the presence of patient serum, γδ2 T cells phagocytosed and degraded opsonized iRBCs in a CD16-dependent manner, decreasing parasite multiplication. Thus, γδ2 T cells have two ways to control blood-stage malaria-γδ T cell antigen receptor (TCR)-mediated degranulation and phagocytosis of antibody-coated iRBCs.

Article	Year
Cytotoxic CD8 T cells recognize and kill Plasmodium vivax-infected reticulocytes. Nature medicine\| PubMed ID: 30038217	2018
γδ T cells suppress Plasmodium falciparum blood-stage infection by direct killing and phagocytosis. Nature immunology\| PubMed ID: 33432229	2021

Guilherme Castro

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