zygote-microinjection-for-creating-gene-cassette-knock-flox-alleles

Zygote Microinjection for Creating Gene Cassette Knock-in and Flox Alleles in Mice

CRISPR-Cas technology has enabled the rapid and effortless generation of genetically modified mice. Specifically, mice and point mutant mice are readily ...

university of tsukuba

We describe a new microsphere-based multiplex fluorescent immunoassay (MFI) using recombinant mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) proteins to detect antibodies to coronaviruses in mouse and rat sera. All the recombinant proteins, including nucleocapsid (N) and 3 subunits of spike protein, S1, S2, and Smid, showed positive reactivity in MFI with mouse antisera to 4 MHV strains (MHV-S, -A59, -JHM, and -Nu67) and rat antiserum to a strain of sialodacryoadenitis virus (SDAV-681). The MFI was evaluated for its diagnostic power, with panels of mouse sera classified as positive or negative for anti-MHV antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using MHV virion antigen and indirect fluorescent antibody assay. The reactivities of 236 naturally infected mouse sera were examined; 227 samples were positive by MFI using S2 antigen (96% sensitivity), and 208 samples were positive using N antigen (88% sensitivity). Based on the assessment by MFI using the S2 and N antigens, only 3 serum samples showed double-negative results, indicating a false-negative rate of 1.3%. In 126 uninfected mouse sera, including 34 ELISA false-positive sera, only 7 samples showed false-positive results by MFI using either the S2 or N antigen (94% specificity). Similarly, the S2 and N antigen-based MFI was 98% sensitive and 100% specific in detecting anticoronavirus antibodies in rat sera. Thus, this MFI-based serologic assay using the S2 and N antigens promises to be a reliable diagnostic method, representing a highly sensitive and specific alternative to traditional ELISA for detection of coronavirus infections in laboratory mouse and rat colonies.

Simultaneous detection of antibodies to mouse hepatitis virus recombinant structural proteins by a microsphere-based multiplex fluorescence immunoassay.

Single nucleotide mutations (SNMs) are associated with a variety of human diseases. The CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing system is expected to be useful as a genetic modification method for production of SNM-induced mice. To investigate whether SNM-induced mice can be generated by zygote microinjection of CRISPR/Cas9 vector and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) donor, we attempted to produce albino C57BL/6J mice carrying the Tyr gene SNM (G291T) from pigmented C57BL/6J zygotes. We first designed and constructed a CRISPR/Cas9 expression vector for the Tyr gene (px330-Tyr-M). DNA cleavage activity of px330-Tyr-M at the target site of the Tyr gene was confirmed by the EGxxFP system. We also designed an ssDNA donor for homology-directed repair (HDR)-mediated gene modification. The px330-Tyr-M vector and ssDNA donor were co-microinjected into the pronuclei of 224 one-cell-stage embryos derived from C57BL/6J mice. We obtained 60 neonates, 28 of which showed the ocular albinism and absence of coat pigmentation. Genomic sequencing analysis of the albino mice revealed that the target of SNM, G291T in the Tyr gene, occurred in 11 mice and one founder was homozygously mutated. The remaining albino founders without Tyr G291T mutation also possessed biallelic deletion and insertion mutants adjacent to the target site in the Tyr locus. Simple production of albino C57BL/6J mice was provided by C57BL/6J zygote microinjection with px330-Tyr-M DNA vector and mutant ssDNA (G291T in Tyr) donor. A combination of CRISPR/Cas9 vector and optional mutant ssDNA could be expected to efficiently produce novel SNM-induced mouse models for investigating human diseases. 

Simple generation of albino C57BL/6J mice with G291T mutation in the tyrosinase gene by the CRISPR/Cas9 system.

In the present study, we generated novel cre driver mice for gene manipulation in pancreatic β cells. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, stop codon sequences of Ins1 were targeted for insertion of cre, including 2A sequences. A founder of C57BL/6J-Ins1(em1 (cre) Utr) strain was produced from an oocyte injected with pX330 containing the sequences encoding gRNA and Cas9 and a DNA donor plasmid carrying 2A-cre. (R26GRR x C57BL/6J-Ins1(em1 (cre) Utr)) F1 mice were histologically characterized for cre-loxP recombination in the embryonic and adult stages; cre-loxP recombination was observed in all pancreatic islets examined in which almost all insulin-positive cells showed tdsRed fluorescence, suggesting β cell-specific recombination. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in results of glucose tolerance test among genotypes (homo/hetero/wild). Taken together, these observations indicated that C57BL/6J-Ins1(em1 (cre) Utr) is useful for studies of glucose metabolism and the strategy of bicistronic cre knock-in using the CRISPR/Cas9 system could be useful for production of cre driver mice. 

Generation of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated bicistronic knock-in ins1-cre driver mice.

The in vivo imaging of mice makes it possible to analyze disease progress non-invasively through reporter gene expression. As the removal of hair improves the accuracy of in vivo imaging, gene-modified mice with a reporter gene are often crossed with Hos:HR-1 mutant mice homozygous for the spontaneous Hr mutation that exhibit a hair loss phenotype. However, it is time consuming to produce mice carrying both the reporter gene and mutant Hr gene by mating. In addition, there is a risk that genetic background of the gene-modified mice would be altered by mating. To resolve these issues, we established a simple method to generate hairless mice maintaining the original genetic background by CRISPR technology. First, we constructed the pX330 vector, which targets exon 3 of Hr. This DNA vector (5 ng/µl) was microinjected into the pronuclei of C57BL/6J mice. Induced Hr gene mutations were found in many founders (76.1%) and these mutations were heritable. Next, we performed in vivo imaging using these gene-modified hairless mice. As expected, luminescent objects in their body were detected by in vivo imaging. This study clearly showed that hairless mice could be simply generated by the CRISPR/Cas9 system, and this method may be useful for in vivo imaging studies with various gene-modified mice.

Simple generation of hairless mice for in vivo imaging.

Knockout mouse models are commonly used in developmental biology to investigate the functions of specific genes, and the knowledge obtained in such models has yielded insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying developmental processes. Gastrulation is the most dynamic process in embryogenesis during which differentiation into three germ layers occurs. However, the functions of genes involved in gastrulation are not completely understood. One major reason for this is the technical difficulty of embryo analysis to understand germ layer location. We have generated three reporter mouse strains in which the germ layers are distinguished by different fluorescent reporters. Using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in mouse zygotes, the fluorescent reporter genes, EGFP, tdTomato, and TagBFP including 2A peptide sequences were knocked into the appropriate sites before the stop codon of the Sox17 (endoderm marker), Otx2 (ectoderm marker), and T (mesoderm marker) genes, respectively. Founder mice were successfully generated in the Sox17-2A-EGFP, Otx2-2A-tdTomato, and T-2A-TagBFP knockin reporter strains. Further, homozygous knockin mice of all strains appeared morphologically normal and were fertile. On stereomicroscopic analysis, fluorescent signals were detected in a germ layer-specific manner from heterozygous embryos at embryonic day (E) 6.5-8.5 in all strains, and were immunohistochemically demonstrated to match their respective germ layer-specific marker protein at E7.5. Taken together, these observations suggest that the Sox17-2A-EGFP, Otx2-2A-tdTomato, and T-2A-TagBFP knockin reporter mice may be useful for comprehensive analysis of gene function in germ layer formation.

Generation of bicistronic reporter knockin mice for visualizing germ layers.

Germ cell development is essential for maintaining reproduction in animals. In postpubertal females, oogenesis is a highly complicated event for producing fertilizable oocytes. It starts when dormant primordial oocytes undergo activation to become growing oocytes. In postpubertal males, spermatogenesis is a differentiation process for producing sperm from spermatogonial stem cells. To obtain full understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying germ cell development, the Cre/loxP system has been widely applied for conditional knock-out mouse studies. In this study, we established a novel knock-in mouse line, B6-Ddx4  , which expresses CreERT2 recombinase under the control of the endogenous DEAD-box helicase 4 (Ddx4) gene promoter. Ddx4 was specifically expressed in both female and male germ cell lineages. We mated the CreERT2 mice with R26GRR mice, expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and tDsRed before and after Cre recombination. We found tDsRed signals in the testes and ovaries of tamoxifen-treated B6-Ddx4  ::R26GRR mice, but not in untreated mice. Immunostaining of their ovaries clearly showed that Cre recombination occurred in all oocytes at every follicle stage. We also found 100% Cre recombination efficiency in male germ cells via the progeny test. In summary, our results indicate that B6-Ddx4  is beneficial for studying female and male germ cell development.

Generation of B6-Ddx4 , a novel CreERT2 knock-in line, for germ cell lineage by CRISPR/Cas9.

Genetically modified mouse models are essential for in vivo investigation of gene function and human disease research. Targeted mutations can be introduced into mouse embryos using genome editing technology such as CRISPR-Cas. Although mice with small indel mutations can be produced, the production of mice carrying large deletions or gene fragment knock-in alleles remains inefficient. We introduced the nuclear localisation property of Cdt1 protein into the CRISPR-Cas system for efficient production of genetically engineered mice. Mouse Cdt1-connected Cas9 (Cas9-mC) was present in the nucleus of HEK293T cells and mouse embryos. Cas9-mC induced a bi-allelic full deletion of Dmd, GC-rich fragment knock-in, and floxed allele knock-in with high efficiency compared to standard Cas9. These results indicate that Cas9-mC is a useful tool for producing mouse models carrying targeted mutations.

Efficient production of large deletion and gene fragment knock-in mice mediated by genome editing with Cas9-mouse Cdt1 in mouse zygotes.

F1 hybrid progenies between related subspecies often show hybrid sterility (HS) or inviability. HS is caused by failure of meiotic chromosome synapsis and sex body formation in house mouse. Previous studies identified two HS critical genomic regions named Hstx2 on Chr X and Hst1 on Chr 17 by murine forward genetic approaches. HS gene on Hst1 was reported to be Prdm9. Intersubspecific polymorphisms of Prdm9 induce HS in hybrids, and Prdm9 null mutation leads to sterility in the inbred strain. However, HS gene on Hstx2 remains unknown. Here, using knock-out studies, we showed that HS candidate genes on Hstx2 are not individually essential for spermatogenesis in B6 strain. We examined 12 genes on Hstx2: Ctag2, 4930447F04Rik, Mir743, Mir465d, Mir465c-2, Mir465b-1, Mir465c-1, Mir465, Gm1140, Gm14692, 4933436I01Rik, and Gm6812. These genes were expressed in adult testes, and showed intersubspecific polymorphisms on expressed regions. This first reverse genetic approach to identify HS gene on Hstx2 suggested that the loss of function of any one HS candidate gene does not cause complete sterility, unlike Prdm9. Thus, the mechanism(s) of HS by the HS gene on Hstx2 might be different from that of Prdm9.

Reverse genetics reveals single gene of every candidate on Hybrid sterility, X Chromosome QTL 2 (Hstx2) are dispensable for spermatogenesis.

Two members of the CDK5 and ABL enzyme substrate (CABLES) family, CABLES1 and CABLES2, share a highly homologous C-terminus. They interact and associate with cyclin-dependent kinase 3 (CDK3), CDK5, and c-ABL. CABLES1 mediates tumor suppression, regulates cell proliferation, and prevents protein degradation. Although Cables2 is ubiquitously expressed in adult mouse tissues at RNA level, the role of CABLES2 in vivo remains unknown. Here, we generated bicistronic Cables2 knock-in reporter mice that expressed CABLES2 tagged with 3×FLAG and 2A-mediated fluorescent reporter tdTomato. Cables2-3×FLAG-2A-tdTomato (Cables2) mice confirmed the expression of Cables2 in various mouse tissues. Interestingly, high intensity of tdTomato fluorescence was observed in the brain, testis and ovary, especially in the corpus luteum. Furthermore, immunoprecipitation analysis using the brain and testis in Cables2 revealed interaction of CABLES2 with CDK5. Collectively, our new Cables2 knock-in reporter model will enable the comprehensive analysis of in vivo CABLES2 function.

Characterization of a bicistronic knock-in reporter mouse model for investigating the role of CABLES2 in vivo.

In vivo function of CDK5 and Abl enzyme substrate 2 (Cables2), belonging to the Cables protein family, is unknown. Here, we found that targeted disruption of the entire  locus () caused growth retardation and enhanced apoptosis at the gastrulation stage and then induced embryonic lethality in mice. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed disruption of , 50% down-regulation of  abutting on the  locus, and up-regulation of p53-target genes in  gastrulas. We further revealed the lethality phenotype in -deleted mice and unexpectedly, the exon 1-deleted  mice survived. Interestingly, chimeric mice derived from  ESCs carrying exogenous  and tetraploid wild-type embryo overcame gastrulation. These results suggest that the diminished expression of  and the completed lack of  expression are intricately involved in the embryonic lethality via the p53 pathway. This study sheds light on the importance of  locus in mouse embryonic development.

Disruption of entire  locus leads to embryonic lethality by diminished  gene expression and enhanced p53 pathway.

The male germ cells must adopt the correct morphology at each differentiation stage for proper spermatogenesis. The spermatogonia regulates its differentiation state by its own migration. The male germ cells differentiate and mature with the formation of syncytia, failure of forming the appropriate syncytia results in the arrest at the spermatocyte stage. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms of male germ cell morphological regulation are unknown. Here, we found that EXOC1, a member of the Exocyst complex, is important for the pseudopod formation of spermatogonia and spermatocyte syncytia in mice. EXOC1 contributes to the pseudopod formation of spermatogonia by inactivating the Rho family small GTPase Rac1 and also functions in the spermatocyte syncytia with the SNARE proteins STX2 and SNAP23. Since EXOC1 is known to bind to several cell morphogenesis factors, this study is expected to be the starting point for the discovery of many morphological regulators of male germ cells.

EXOC1 plays an integral role in spermatogonia pseudopod elongation and spermatocyte stable syncytium formation in mice.

Proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID) is a useful method to identify unknown protein-protein interactions. Few reports have described genetically engineered knock-in mouse models for in vivo BioID. Thus, little is known about the proper method for biotin administration and which tissues are applicable. Here, we established a BioID knock-in mouse model of Brain and Muscle ARNT-Like 1 (BMAL1) and the BirA biotin ligase with R118G mutation (BirA*). The BMAL1-BioID mouse model was used to investigate the effect of biotin diet feeding on protein biotinylation in several tissues. The BMAL1-BirA* fusion protein-retained proper intracellular localization of BMAL1 and binding to CLOCK protein in HEK293T cells. A biotin labelling assay in mouse embryonic fibroblasts revealed the protein biotinylation activity of BMAL1-BirA* expressed in knock-in mouse cells depending on biotin supplementation. Lastly, feeding a 0.5% biotin diet for 7 days induced protein biotinylation in the brain, heart, testis and liver of BMAL1-BioID mice without adverse effects on spermatogenesis. In the kidney, the biotin diet increased biotinylated protein levels in BMAL1-BioID and control mice, suggesting the existence of endogenous biotinylation activity. These results provide valuable information to optimize the in vivo BioID procedure.

Efficient induction of proximity-dependent labelling by biotin feeding in BMAL1-BioID knock-in mice.

Genome editing can introduce designed mutations into a target genomic site. Recent research has revealed that it can also induce various unintended events such as structural variations, small indels, and substitutions at, and in some cases, away from the target site. These rearrangements may result in confounding phenotypes in biomedical research samples and cause a concern in clinical or agricultural applications. However, current genotyping methods do not allow a comprehensive analysis of diverse mutations for phasing and mosaic variant detection. Here, we developed a genotyping method with an on-target site analysis software named Determine Allele mutations and Judge Intended genotype by Nanopore sequencer (DAJIN) that can automatically identify and classify both intended and unintended diverse mutations, including point mutations, deletions, inversions, and cis double knock-in at single-nucleotide resolution. Our approach with DAJIN can handle approximately 100 samples under different editing conditions in a single run. With its high versatility, scalability, and convenience, DAJIN-assisted multiplex genotyping may become a new standard for validating genome editing outcomes.

Article	Year
Simultaneous detection of antibodies to mouse hepatitis virus recombinant structural proteins by a microsphere-based multiplex fluorescence immunoassay. Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI\| PubMed ID: 21430123	2011
Simple generation of albino C57BL/6J mice with G291T mutation in the tyrosinase gene by the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Mammalian genome : official journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society\| PubMed ID: 24879364	2014
Generation of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated bicistronic knock-in ins1-cre driver mice. Experimental animals\| PubMed ID: 27053096	2016
Simple generation of hairless mice for in vivo imaging. Experimental animals\| PubMed ID: 28717054	2017
Generation of bicistronic reporter knockin mice for visualizing germ layers. Experimental animals\| PubMed ID: 31189761	2019
Generation of B6-Ddx4 , a novel CreERT2 knock-in line, for germ cell lineage by CRISPR/Cas9. Genesis (New York, N.Y. : 2000)\| PubMed ID: 32293787	2020
Efficient production of large deletion and gene fragment knock-in mice mediated by genome editing with Cas9-mouse Cdt1 in mouse zygotes. Methods (San Diego, Calif.)\| PubMed ID: 32334080	2021
Reverse genetics reveals single gene of every candidate on Hybrid sterility, X Chromosome QTL 2 (Hstx2) are dispensable for spermatogenesis. Scientific reports\| PubMed ID: 32493902	2020
Characterization of a bicistronic knock-in reporter mouse model for investigating the role of CABLES2 in vivo. Experimental animals\| PubMed ID: 32779618	2021
Disruption of entire locus leads to embryonic lethality by diminished gene expression and enhanced p53 pathway. eLife\| PubMed ID: 33949947	2021
EXOC1 plays an integral role in spermatogonia pseudopod elongation and spermatocyte stable syncytium formation in mice. eLife\| PubMed ID: 33973520	2021
Efficient induction of proximity-dependent labelling by biotin feeding in BMAL1-BioID knock-in mice. Journal of biochemistry\| PubMed ID: 33982090	2021
DAJIN enables multiplex genotyping to simultaneously validate intended and unintended target genome editing outcomes. PLoS biology\| PubMed ID: 35041655	2022

Kanako Kato

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