sieving-fruit-pulp-to-detect-immature-tephritid-fruit-flies

Sieving Fruit Pulp to Detect Immature Tephritid Fruit Flies in the Field

Fruit flies of the Tephritidae family are among the most destructive and invasive agricultural pests in the world. Many countries undertake expensive ...

USDA

Male Annihilation Technique (MAT) is a key tool to suppress or eradicate pestiferous tephritid fruit flies for which there exist powerful male lures. In the case of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), a highly invasive and destructive species, current implementations of MAT utilize a combination of the male attractant methyl eugenol (ME) and a toxicant such as spinosad ("SPLAT-MAT-ME") applied at a high density with the goal of attracting and killing an extremely high proportion of males. We conducted direct comparisons of trap captures of marked B. dorsalis males released under three experimental SPLAT-MAT-ME site densities (110, 220, and 440 per km2) near Hilo, Hawaii using both fresh and aged traps to evaluate the effectiveness of varying densities and how weathering of the SPLAT-MAT-ME formulation influenced any density effects observed. Counterintuitively, we observed decreasing effectiveness (percent kill) with increasing application density. We also estimated slightly higher average kill for any given density for weathered grids compared with fresh. Spatial analysis of the recapture patterns of the first trap service per replicate x treatment reveals similar positional effects for all grid densities despite differences in overall percent kill. This study suggests that benefits for control and eradication programs would result from reducing the application density of MAT against B. dorsalis through reduced material use, labor costs, and higher effectiveness. Additional research in areas where MAT programs are currently undertaken would be helpful to corroborate this study's findings.

A field test on the effectiveness of male annihilation technique against Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) at varying application densities.

Food-based baits are an important component of trapping networks designed to detect invasive tephritid fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). An aqueous solution of torula yeast plus borax (TYB) is widely used, but synthetic food lures have been developed to facilitate field procedures, ensure standard composition, and lengthen the interval of bait attractiveness. Cone-shaped dispensers, containing ammonium acetate, putrescine, and trimethylamine (so-called 3C food cones), are currently being used in some large-scale trapping systems (e.g., Florida). Prior work in Hawaii showed that traps baited with 3C food cones capture similar numbers of Mediterranean fruit flies (medflies), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), as TYB-baited traps after 1-2 wk of weathering but capture fewer medflies thereafter. In addition, 3C food cones attract fewer oriental fruit flies, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), and melon flies, Zeugodacuscucurbitae (Coquillett) than TYB even when the food cones are freshly deployed. The current study describes an additional trapping experiment that expands upon earlier work by (i) presenting 3C food cones either unbagged (as done previously) or in nonporous or breathable bags to possibly reduce volatilization and lengthen bait effectiveness and (ii) measuring the content of the 3 components over time to potentially associate fruit fly captures with the loss of these food cone constituents. Implications of these findings for fruit fly surveillance programs are discussed.

Weathering of 3-component synthetic food cones: effects on residual amount, release rate, and field capture of 3 pest species of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae).

Article	Year
A field test on the effectiveness of male annihilation technique against Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) at varying application densities. PloS one\| PubMed ID: 30849115	2019
Weathering of 3-component synthetic food cones: effects on residual amount, release rate, and field capture of 3 pest species of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). Environmental entomology\| PubMed ID: 37095060	2023

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