generation-hipsc-derived-intestinal-organoids-for-developmental

Generation of hiPSC-Derived Intestinal Organoids for Developmental and Disease Modelling Applications

hiPSC-derived intestinal organoids are epithelial structures that self-assemble from differentiated cells into complex 3D structures, representative of ...

University of Nottingham

Organoids have extensive applications in many fields ranging from modelling human development and disease, personalised medicine, drug screening, etc. Moreover, in the last few years, several studies have evaluated the capacity of organoids as transplantation sources for therapeutic approaches and regenerative medicine. Nevertheless, depending on the origin of the cells and anatomical complications, an organoid transplant may make tissue regeneration difficult. However, some essential aspects of organoids including the morphological alterations and the growth pattern of the matched tumour and their healthy derived organoids have received less attention. Therefore, the current work focused on culturing matched healthy and tumour organoids from the same patient with colorectal cancer (CRC) and assessed their timed growth and structural differences on a daily basis. The healthy organoids underwent proliferation and branching morphogenesis, while the tumour organoids did not follow the same pattern, and the majority of them developed cystic structures instead. However, the number and size of tumour organoids were different from one patient to another. The differential morphological changes of the healthy versus human colonic tumour organoids likely linked to distinct molecular and cellular events during each day. Thus, while their specific structural features provide valuable  models to study various aspects of human intestinal/colon tissue homeostasis and CRC which avoid or replace the use of animals in research, this model may also hold a great promise for the transplantation and regenerative medicine applications.

Morphological alterations of cultured human colorectal matched tumour and healthy organoids.

Tumour-promoting inflammation is involved in colorectal cancer (CRC) development and therapeutic resistance. However, the antibiotics and antibacterial drugs and signalling that regulate the potency of anticancer treatment upon forced differentiation of cancer stem-like cell (CSC) are not fully defined yet. We screened an NIH-clinical collection of the small-molecule compound library of antibacterial/anti-inflammatory agents that identified potential candidate drugs targeting CRC-SC for differentiation. Selected compounds were validated in both in vitro organoids and ex vivo colon explant models for their differentiation induction, impediment on neoplastic cell growth, and to elucidate the mechanism of their anticancer activity. We initially focused on AM404, an anandamide uptake inhibitor. AM404 is a metabolite of acetaminophen with antibacterial activity, which showed high potential in preventing CRC-SC features, such as stemness/de-differentiation, migration and drug-resistance. Furthermore, AM404 suppressed the expression of  E3-ligase, where AM404 sensitivity was mimicked by -knockout. This study uncovers a new molecular mechanism for AM404-altering FBXL5 oncogene which mediates chemo-resistance and CRC invasion, thereby proposes to repurpose antibacterial AM404 as an anticancer agent.

Repurposing Antibacterial AM404 as a Potential Anticancer Drug for Targeting Colorectal Cancer Stem-Like Cells.

Organoid culture faithfully reproduces the in vivo characteristics of the intestinal/colon epithelium and elucidates molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of stem cell compartment that, if altered, may lead tumorigenesis. CRISPR-Cas9 based editing technology has provided promising opportunities for targeted loss-of-function mutations at chosen sites in the genome of eukaryotes. Herein, we demonstrate a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis-based screening method using murine intestinal organoids by investigating the phenotypical morphology of Cas9-expressing murine intestinal organoids. Murine intestinal crypts can be isolated and seeded into Matrigel and grown into stable organoid lines. Organoids subsequently transduced and selected to generate Cas9 expressing organoids. These organoids can be further transduced with the second lentiviruses expressing guide RNA (gRNA) (s) and screened for 8-10 days using bright-field and fluorescent microscopy to determine possible morphological or phenotypical abnormalities. Via phenotypical screening analysis, the candidate knockouts can be selected based on differential abnormal growth pattern vs their untransduced or lenti-GFP transduced controls. Further assessment of these knockout organoids can be done via phalloidin and propidium iodide (PI) staining, proliferation assay and qRT-PCR and also biochemical analysis. This CRISPR/Cas9 organoid mutagenesis-based screening method provides a reliable and rapid approach for investigating large numbers of genes with unknown/poorly identified biological functions. Knockout intestinal organoids can be associated with the key biological function of the gene(s) in development, homeostasis, disease progression, tumorigenesis, and drug screening, thereby reducing and potentially replacing animal models.

Article	Year
Morphological alterations of cultured human colorectal matched tumour and healthy organoids. Oncotarget\| PubMed ID: 29535828	2018
Repurposing Antibacterial AM404 as a Potential Anticancer Drug for Targeting Colorectal Cancer Stem-Like Cells. Cancers\| PubMed ID: 31906201	2019
Generating and Utilizing Murine Cas9-Expressing Intestinal Organoids for Large-Scale Knockout Genetic Screening. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)\| PubMed ID: 32705648	2020

Nicholas Jinks

Biography

JoVE Journal Publications

Other Publications