cultivating-ex-vivo-patient-derived-glioma-organoids-using-tissue

Cultivating Ex Vivo Patient-Derived Glioma Organoids Using a Tissue Chopper

Glioblastoma, IDH-wild type, CNS WHO grade 4 (GBM) is a primary brain tumor associated with poor patient survival despite aggressive treatment. Developing ...

University Hospital Würzburg

CXCR4 is a chemokine receptor that recruits blood stem cells and increases tumor cell growth and invasiveness. We examined CXCR4 expression in vestibular schwannomas (VS) from patients with and without neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) and correlated the levels with the patients' clinical characteristics. The aim was to determine whether CXCR4 can be used as a prognostic marker and as a target for systemic therapy.

CXCR4: A new player in vestibular schwannoma pathogenesis.

Outcome in vestibular schwannoma (VS) surgery has improved enormously over the last decades. Surgical positioning remains a matter of discussion. A standardized protocol for diagnostics and management has been applied and evaluated for complications and functional outcome.

Vestibular Schwannoma Resection in a Consecutive Series of 502 Cases via the Retrosigmoid Approach: Technical Aspects, Complications, and Functional Outcome.

We have recently demonstrated CXCR4 overexpression in vestibular schwannomas (VS). This study investigated the feasibility of CXCR4-directed positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging of VS using the radiolabeled chemokine ligand [Ga]Pentixafor.  4 patients with 6 primarily diagnosed or pre-treated/observed VS were enrolled. All subjects underwent [Ga]Pentixafor PET/CT prior to surgical resection. Images were analyzed visually and semi-quantitatively for CXCR4 expression including calculation of tumor-to-background ratios (TBR). Immunohistochemistry served as standard of reference in three patients.  [Ga]Pentixafor PET/CT was visually positive in all cases. SUV and SUV were 3.0 ± 0.3 and 3.8 ± 0.4 and TBR and TBR were 4.0 ± 1.4 and 5.0 ± 1.7, respectively. Histological analysis confirmed CXCR4 expression in tumors.  Non-invasive imaging of CXCR4 expression using [Ga]Pentixafor PET/CT of VS is feasible and could prove useful for  assessment of CXCR4 expression.

[Ga]-Pentixafor PET/CT for CXCR4-Mediated Imaging of Vestibular Schwannomas.

3D in vitro test system for vestibular schwannoma.

A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 9 (ADAM9) is a member of the transmembrane ADAM family. It is expressed in different types of solid cancer and promotes tumor invasiveness. To the best of our knowledge, the present study was the first to examine ADAM9 expression in vestibular schwannomas (VS) from patients with and without neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) and to associate the data with clinical parameters of the patients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate if ADAM9 could be used as prognostic marker or therapeutic target. ADAM9 mRNA and protein levels were measured in VS samples (n=60). A total of 30 of them were from patients with neurofibromatosis. Healthy peripheral nerves from autopsies (n=10) served as controls. ADAM9 mRNA levels were measured by PCR, and protein levels were determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blotting (WB). The Hannover Classification was used to categorize tumor extension and hearing loss. ADAM9 mRNA levels were 8.8-fold higher in VS compared with in controls. The levels were 5.6-fold higher in patients with NF2 and 12-fold higher in patients with sporadic VS. WB revealed two mature isoforms of the protein, and according to IHC ADAM9 was mainly expressed by S100-positive Schwann cells. There was a strong correlation between ADAM9 mRNA expression and the level of functional impairment (r~1, p=0.01). Particularly, the secreted isoform of ADAM9 was expressed in patients with higher hearing impairment. ADAM9 mRNA was overexpressed in the tumor samples relative to healthy vestibular nerves, and there was an association between higher ADAM9 expression levels and greater hearing impairment. Therefore, ADAM9 may be a prognostic marker for VS, and ADAM9 inhibition might have the potential as a systemic approach for the treatment of VS.

ADAM9: A novel player in vestibular schwannoma pathogenesis.

Recently, we described a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 9 (ADAM9) overexpression by Schwann cells of vestibular schwannoma (VS) and suggested that it might be a marker for VS tumor growth and invasiveness. This research note provides additional data utilizing a small cohort of VS primary cultures and tissue samples. We examined whether reconstitution of Merlin expression in VS cells regulates ADAM9 protein expression and performed lentiviral ADAM9 knock down to investigate possible effects on VS cells numbers. Moreover, the co-localization of ADAM9 and Integrins α6 and α2β1, respectively, was examined by immunofluorescence double staining.

Analysis of ADAM9 regulation and function in vestibular schwannoma primary cells.

Both brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) and audiometry play a crucial role in neuro-oncological treatment decisions in Neurofibromatosis Type 2 associated (NF2) vestibular schwannoma (VS) as hearing preservation is the major goal. In this study, we investigated the risk of immediate postoperative hearing deterioration (>15 dB and/or 15% loss in pure-tone average [PTA]/ speech discrimination score [SDS] in a cohort of 100 operated VS (ears) in 72 NF2 patients by retrospective analysis of pre- and postoperative hearing data (PTA, SDS, American Association of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery [AAO-HNS], and brainstem auditory evoked potential [BAEP] class) taking into account relevant influencing factors, particularly preoperative audiometry and BAEP status and the extent of resection. Immediately after surgery, the hearing was preserved in 73% of ears and approximately ~60% of ears kept their hearing classes. Preoperative BAEP ( = 0.015) and resection amount ( = 0.048) significantly influenced postoperative hearing outcome. The prediction model for postoperative hearing deterioration/loss between preoperative BAEP and AAO-HNS class showed increased risk by increasing BAEP class. Twenty-one tumors/ears were identified with large BAEP and AAO-HNS class discrepancies (≥2 points) and were associated with a high (48-100%) risk of deafness after surgery in ears with preoperative available hearing. Overall, the results were heterogeneous but the better both BAEP and audiometry class before surgery, the higher the chance of hearing maintenance afterwards. Large resection amounts (e.g., 100% risk in near-total resections) exhibit a significant ( < 0.05) higher risk compared to smaller amounts (e.g., 10/20% in laser-coagulated/partially resected tumors). Our results emphasized the indispensable role of both hearing monitoring in form of audiometry and neurophysiology (BAEP) in the pre-and perioperative monitoring of NF2-associated VS. Both BAEP and audiometry are good prognostic markers for the postoperative hearing outcome. The extent of resection should be strictly guided by and adjusted to the intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring.

Risk Stratification for Immediate Postoperative Hearing Loss by Preoperative BAER (Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response) and Audiometry in NF2-Associated Vestibular Schwannomas.

Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is a genetic disorder that is associated with multiple tumors of the nervous system, and approximately one half of patients present with meningiomas. For patients with multifocal disease, somatostatin receptor-targeted peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) might be a suitable systemic treatment option.

Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy in Patients With Neurofibromatosis Type 2: Initial Experience.

While glioblastoma (GBM) is still challenging to treat, novel immunotherapeutic approaches have shown promising effects in preclinical settings. However, their clinical breakthrough is hampered by complex interactions of GBM with the tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, we present an analysis of TME composition in a patient-derived organoid model (PDO) as well as in organotypic slice cultures (OSC). To obtain a more realistic model for immunotherapeutic testing, we introduce an enhanced PDO model. We manufactured PDOs and OSCs from fresh tissue of GBM patients and analyzed the TME. Enhanced PDOs (ePDOs) were obtained via co-culture with PBMCs (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) and compared to normal PDOs (nPDOs) and PT (primary tissue). At first, we showed that TME was not sustained in PDOs after a short time of culture. In contrast, TME was largely maintained in OSCs. Unfortunately, OSCs can only be cultured for up to 9 days. Thus, we enhanced the TME in PDOs by co-culturing PDOs and PBMCs from healthy donors. These cellular TME patterns could be preserved until day 21. The ePDO approach could mirror the interaction of GBM, TME and immunotherapeutic agents and may consequently represent a realistic model for individual immunotherapeutic drug testing in the future.

Characterization and Optimization of the Tumor Microenvironment in Patient-Derived Organotypic Slices and Organoid Models of Glioblastoma.

Vestibular schwannoma (VS) are benign cranial nerve sheath tumors of the vestibulocochlear nerve. Their incidence is mostly sporadic, but they can also be associated with -related schwannomatosis (NF2), a hereditary tumor syndrome. Metastasis associated in colon cancer 1 (MACC1) is known to contribute to angiogenesis, cell growth, invasiveness, cell motility and metastasis of solid malignant cancers. In addition, MACC1 may be associated with nonsyndromic hearing impairment. Therefore, we evaluated whether MACC1 may be involved in the pathogenesis of VS. Sporadic VS, recurrent sporadic VS, NF2-associated VS, recurrent NF2-associated VS and healthy vestibular nerves were analyzed for  mRNA and protein expression by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry.  expression levels were correlated with the patients' clinical course and symptoms.  mRNA expression was significantly higher in sporadic VS compared to NF2-associated VS ( < 0.001). The latter expressed similar MACC1 concentrations as healthy vestibular nerves. Recurrent tumors resembled the  expression of the primary tumors.  mRNA expression was significantly correlated with deafness in sporadic VS patients ( = 0.034). Therefore, MACC1 might be a new molecular marker involved in VS pathogenesis.

Article	Year
CXCR4: A new player in vestibular schwannoma pathogenesis. Oncotarget\| PubMed ID: 29515781	2018
Vestibular Schwannoma Resection in a Consecutive Series of 502 Cases via the Retrosigmoid Approach: Technical Aspects, Complications, and Functional Outcome. World neurosurgery\| PubMed ID: 31100515	2019
[Ga]-Pentixafor PET/CT for CXCR4-Mediated Imaging of Vestibular Schwannomas. Frontiers in oncology\| PubMed ID: 31245296	2019
3D in vitro test system for vestibular schwannoma. Journal of neuroscience methods\| PubMed ID: 32061689	2020
ADAM9: A novel player in vestibular schwannoma pathogenesis. Oncology letters\| PubMed ID: 32194680	2020
Analysis of ADAM9 regulation and function in vestibular schwannoma primary cells. BMC research notes\| PubMed ID: 33176868	2020
Risk Stratification for Immediate Postoperative Hearing Loss by Preoperative BAER (Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response) and Audiometry in NF2-Associated Vestibular Schwannomas. Cancers\| PubMed ID: 33803788	2021
Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy in Patients With Neurofibromatosis Type 2: Initial Experience. Clinical nuclear medicine\| PubMed ID: 33826573	2021
Characterization and Optimization of the Tumor Microenvironment in Patient-Derived Organotypic Slices and Organoid Models of Glioblastoma. Cancers\| PubMed ID: 37345035	2023
Metastasis Associated in Colorectal Cancer 1 (MACC1) mRNA Expression Is Enhanced in Sporadic Vestibular Schwannoma and Correlates to Deafness. Cancers\| PubMed ID: 37627117	2023

Maria Breun

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