imaging-initial-ca2-microdomains-in-primary-t-cells

Imaging Initial Ca<sup>2+</sup> Microdomains in Primary T Cells

Local, sub-second Ca2+ signals, termed Ca2+ microdomains, are highly dynamic and short-lived Ca2+ signals, which result in a global [Ca2+]i elevation and ...

University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf

Transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) is a ligand-gated Ca-permeable nonselective cation channel. Whereas physiological stimuli, such as chemotactic agents, evoke controlled Ca signals via TRPM2, pathophysiological stimuli such as reactive oxygen species and genotoxic stress result in prolonged TRPM2-mediated Ca entry and, consequently, apoptosis. To date, adenosine 5'-diphosphoribose (ADPR) has been assumed to be the main agonist for TRPM2. Here we show that 2'-deoxy-ADPR was a significantly better TRPM2 agonist, inducing 10.4-fold higher whole-cell currents at saturation. Mechanistically, this increased activity was caused by a decreased rate of inactivation and higher average open probability. Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry, we detected endogenous 2'-deoxy-ADPR in Jurkat T lymphocytes. Consistently, cytosolic nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2 (NMNAT-2) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-glycohydrolase CD38 sequentially catalyzed the synthesis of 2'-deoxy-ADPR from nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) and 2'-deoxy-ATP in vitro. Thus, 2'-deoxy-ADPR is an endogenous TRPM2 superagonist that may act as a cell signaling molecule.

2'-Deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphoribose is an endogenous TRPM2 superagonist.

Mouse T cells express the ecto-ADP-ribosyltransferase ARTC2.2, which can transfer the ADP-ribose group of extracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to arginine residues of various cell surface proteins thereby influencing their function. Several targets of ARTC2.2, such as P2X7, CD8a and CD25 have been identified, however a comprehensive mouse T cell surface ADP-ribosylome analysis is currently missing. Using the Af1521 macrodomain-based enrichment of ADP-ribosylated peptides and mass spectrometry, we identified 93 ADP-ribsoylated peptides corresponding to 67 distinct T cell proteins, including known targets such as CD8a and CD25 but also previously unknown targets such as CD73. We evaluated the impact of ADP-ribosylation on the capability of CD73 to generate adenosine from adenosine monophosphate. Our results show that extracellular NAD reduces the enzymatic activity of CD73 HEK cells co-transfected with CD73/ARTC2.2. Importantly, NAD significantly reduced CD73 activity on WT CD8 T cells compared to ARTC2ko CD8 T cells or WT CD8 T cells treated with an ARTC2.2-blocking nanobody. Our study provides a comprehensive list of T cell membrane proteins that serve as targets for ADP-ribosylation by ARTC2.2 and whose function may be therefore affected by ADP-ribosylation.

Identification of the Mouse T Cell ADP-Ribosylome Uncovers ARTC2.2 Mediated Regulation of CD73 by ADP-Ribosylation.

Immune cells at sites of inflammation are continuously activated by local antigens and cytokines, and regulatory mechanisms must be enacted to control inflammation. The stepwise hydrolysis of extracellular ATP by ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 generates adenosine, a potent immune suppressor. Here we report that human effector CD8 T cells contribute to adenosine production by releasing CD73-containing extracellular vesicles upon activation. These extracellular vesicles have AMPase activity, and the resulting adenosine mediates immune suppression independently of regulatory T cells. In addition, we show that extracellular vesicles isolated from the synovial fluid of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis contribute to T cell suppression in a CD73-dependent manner. Our results suggest that the generation of adenosine upon T cell activation is an intrinsic mechanism of human effector T cells that complements regulatory T cell-mediated suppression in the inflamed tissue. Finally, our data underscore the role of immune cell-derived extracellular vesicles in the control of immune responses.

CD73-mediated adenosine production by CD8 T cell-derived extracellular vesicles constitutes an intrinsic mechanism of immune suppression.

In ischemic stroke, the primary neuronal injury caused by the disruption of energy supply is further exacerbated by secondary sterile inflammation. The inflammatory cascade is largely initiated by the purine adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which is extensively released to the interstitial space during brain ischemia and functions as an extracellular danger signaling molecule. By engaging P2 receptors, extracellular ATP activates microglia leading to cytokine and chemokine production and subsequent immune cell recruitment from the periphery which further amplifies post-stroke inflammation. The ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 shape and balance the inflammatory environment by stepwise degrading extracellular ATP to adenosine which itself has neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory signaling properties. The neuroprotective effects of adenosine are mainly mediated through A receptors and inhibition of glutamatergic excitotoxicity, while the anti-inflammatory capacities of adenosine have been primarily attributed to A receptor activation on infiltrating immune cells in the subacute phase after stroke. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on the ATP-adenosine axis in ischemic stroke, discuss contradictory results, and point out potential pitfalls towards translating therapeutic approaches from rodent stroke models to human patients.

The role of the ATP-adenosine axis in ischemic stroke.

CD39 is the major enzyme controlling the levels of extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) via the stepwise hydrolysis of ATP to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP). As extracellular ATP is a strong promoter of inflammation, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) blocking CD39 are utilized therapeutically in the field of immune-oncology. Though anti-CD39 mAbs are highly specific for their target, they lack deep penetration into the dense tissue of solid tumors, due to their large size. To overcome this limitation, we generated and characterized nanobodies that targeted and blocked human CD39. From cDNA-immunized alpacas we selected 16 clones from seven nanobody families that bind to two distinct epitopes of human CD39. Among these, clone SB24 inhibited the enzymatic activity of CD39. Of note, SB24 blocked ATP degradation by both soluble and cell surface CD39 as a 15kD monomeric nanobody. Dimerization via fusion to an immunoglobulin Fc portion further increased the blocking potency of SB24 on CD39-transfected HEK cells. Finally, we confirmed the CD39 blocking properties of SB24 on human PBMCs. In summary, SB24 provides a new small biological antagonist of human CD39 with potential application in cancer therapy.

Article	Year
2'-Deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphoribose is an endogenous TRPM2 superagonist. Nature chemical biology\| PubMed ID: 28671679	2017
Identification of the Mouse T Cell ADP-Ribosylome Uncovers ARTC2.2 Mediated Regulation of CD73 by ADP-Ribosylation. Frontiers in immunology\| PubMed ID: 34504490	2021
CD73-mediated adenosine production by CD8 T cell-derived extracellular vesicles constitutes an intrinsic mechanism of immune suppression. Nature communications\| PubMed ID: 34625545	2021
The role of the ATP-adenosine axis in ischemic stroke. Seminars in immunopathology\| PubMed ID: 36917241	2023
Generation and characterization of antagonistic anti-human CD39 nanobodies. Frontiers in immunology\| PubMed ID: 38590528	2024

Riekje Winzer

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