evaluation-blood-brain-barrier-breakdown-mouse-model-mild-traumatic

Evaluation of Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown in a Mouse Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Fluorescent dyes are used to determine the extent of dye extravasation that occurs due to blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown. Labeling with these dyes is ...

National Defense Medical College

 Blast-induced shock waves (BSWs) are responsible for several aspects of psychiatric disorders that are collectively termed mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). The pathophysiology of mTBI includes vascular leakage resulting from blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. In this study, the precise sequence of BBB breakdown was examined using an Evans blue and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran double labeling technique. Evans blue solution was injected into the tail vein of male C57BL6/J mice just before and 4 h, 1 day, 3 days, and 7 days after a single BSW exposure at as low as 25-kPa peak overpressure. In contrast, the FITC-dextran solution was transcardially injected just before perfusion fixation. Differences in the labeling time-point revealed that BBB breakdown was initiated after approximately 3 h, with significant remodeling by 1 day, and continued until 7 days after BSW exposure. BBB breakdown was upregulated in three distinct regions, namely the brain surface and subsurface areas facing the skull, regions closely associated with capillaries, and the circumventricular organ and choroid plexus. These regions showed distinct responses to BSW; moreover, clusters of reactive astrocytes were closely associated with the sites of BBB breakdown. In severe cases, these reactive astrocytes recruited activated microglia. Our findings provide important insights into the pathogenesis underlying mTBI and indicate that even mild BSW exposure affects the whole brain.

Evans Blue and Fluorescein Isothiocyanate-Dextran Double Labeling Reveals Precise Sequence of Vascular Leakage and Glial Responses After Exposure to Mild-Level Blast-Associated Shock Waves.

Patients sometimes present with high cervical internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis. This study demonstrates the usefulness of the transstyloid approach to expose the distal ICA by dissection of the styloid diaphragm covering the distal cervical ICA for carotid endarterectomy (CEA). In particular, the possible exposure length achieved by this approach was investigated using cadaveric heads.

Article	Year
Evans Blue and Fluorescein Isothiocyanate-Dextran Double Labeling Reveals Precise Sequence of Vascular Leakage and Glial Responses After Exposure to Mild-Level Blast-Associated Shock Waves. Journal of neurotrauma\| PubMed ID: 36680750	2023
Cadaver investigation of the usefulness of the transstyloid diaphragm approach for high-position plaque carotid endarterectomy. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery\| PubMed ID: 37657129	2023

Takahito Higashi

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