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Mixed Reality Technology and Three-Dimensional Printing in Teaching: Heart Anatomy as an Example

Mixed reality technology and three-dimensional (3D) printing are becoming more and morecommon in the field of medicine. During the COVID-19 pandemic and ...

Medical University of Silesia

The analysis of the upper massif of the craniofacial (UMC) is widely used in many fields of science. The aim of the study was to create a high resolution computer system based on a digital information record and on vector graphics, that could enable dimension measuring and evaluation of craniofacial shape using the radial method.

Analysis of the upper massif of the craniofacial with the radial method - practical use.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a reason of many infectious diseases, from prosy respiratory tract infections to the grave bacterial hematosepsis which often is a cause of patients death. Infection spreads with droplets or sometimes by direct contact. Symptomatic Staphylococcal infections most often unfold as a otitis, sinusitis, broncho-pneumonia and lobal pneumonia or as a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchial asthma aggravation or they can be the cause of many other illnesses like: meningitis and encephalitis, endocarditis, epicarditis, peritonitis, arthritis and hematosepsis. The aim of the study was to evaluate anti-streptococcal vaccinations and to analyze cardiology patients and General Practitioners patients knowledge about Streptococcus pneumoniae.

[Vaccination against Streptococcus pneumonia and knowledge about it in the cardiology and general practitioners patients].

Cephalic index is a highly useful method for planning surgical procedures, as well as assessing their effectiveness in correcting cranial deformations in children. There are relatively very few studies measuring cephalic index in healthy Caucasian young children. The aim of our study was to develop a classification of current cephalic index for healthy Caucasian children up to 3 years of age with normal brain development, using axial slice computer tomography performed with very thin slices (0.5 mm) resulting in more accurate measurements. 180 healthy infants (83 females and 97 males) were divided into 5 age categories: 0-3, 4-6, 7-12, 13-24, and 25-36 months. The average value of cephalic index in children up to 3 years of age amounted to 81.45 ± 7.06. The index value in case of children under 3 months was 80.19, 4 to 6 months was 81.45, 7 to 12 months was 83.15, in children under 2 years was 81.05, and in children under 3 years was 79.76. Mesocephaly is the dominating skull shape in children. In this study, we formulated a classification of current cephalic indices of children with normal brain development. Our date appears to be of utmost importance in anthropology, anatomy forensic medicine, and genetics.

Cephalic index in the first three years of life: study of children with normal brain development based on computed tomography.

Anthropological analysis of the orbits using classic anthropometric instruments based on width and height measurements as well as orbital index allows for classification of orbits in terms of their shape, yet it has poor clinical application. Nowadays computer graphics enables a precise research technique implementing the latest achievements in digital technology and data recording. The aim of the study was to compare in let parameters of left and right orbits in male and female skulls by means of digital analysis techniques.

Digital analysis of the orbit using the non-referring method.

Orbit is the one of the most complicated areas of the facial part of cranium. The anthropological analysis of the orbits comprises basic measurement characterizing their shape: width and height. Classic anthropometric methods used to measure the skull variability are burdened with mistakes resulting from construction of measuring devices as well as from researcher's experience.

Orbital Opening Shape and Its Alphanumerical Classification.

Standard anthropometric methods applied to measurements of the skull differentials are laden with mistakes stemming from the way the measuring devices are built and from a lack of experience on the part of the researchers. To increase objectivity, digital imaging measurements via computer systems were introduced.

Female and male orbit asymmetry: Digital analysis.

Heart failure (HF) is a major cause of mortality in developed countries. Its formation is associated with a change in the transcriptional activity of many genes. The aim of the study was to select, from the group of genes related to coronary atherosclerosis and heart failure, genes differentiating patients with coronary heart disease and heart failure on the basis of myocardial ischemia from healthy people, and then genes differentiating patients with various stages of heart failure.

Can the expression of the metalloproteinase 9 gene and its inhibitor be considered as markers of heart failure?

Over the past thousands of years, diabetes has deprived people all over the world of their lives. Until 1922, mankind remained powerless. However, change came, with Frederick Banting (1891-1941), the discoverer of insulin. This breakthrough discovery was made not by a great scientist, but by a hard-working and persistent doctor. Perhaps Banting's conscientiousness and integrity stemmed from where he grew up? A small farm in the provinces certainly influenced his further development. A development that was not obvious, because as a child little Freddie had learning difficulties. Determination led him to medicine. It must not have been without surprise to Professor MacLeod (1876-1935) when, in his office at the University of Ontario, he heard from the 30-year-old doctor that he had an idea on how to save lives from an incurable disease. The opportunity Banting was given, he used effectively. Together with the help of his student Charles Best (1899-1978), he isolated insulin. The dissemination of insulin in Poland was very quickly taken up by Kazimierz Funk (1884-1967), the discoverer of thiamine and creator of the term 'vitamin'. As head of the Department of Biochemistry at the National Institute of Hygiene (PZH), he began producing insulin from bovine pancreases in 1924. He carried out this initiative using his private funds, equipping the laboratory with the appropriate equipment. Banting's remarkable feat was rewarded in 1923. Nobel Prize, which he shared with MacLeod. The fact that the actual co-discoverer of insulin, Charles Best, was not included in the award outraged Banting to such an extent that he decided not to accept the prize. After much persuasion, he changed his mind, but shared the financial reward with his faithful assistant. The discoverer's determination and behaviour in the face of success provides an invaluable lesson for today's doctors and scientists. By following the principles Banting espoused, we can honour his memory.

Sir Frederick Grant Banting - the discoverer of insulin. On the 100th anniversary on the Nobel Prize.

The basis of teaching anatomy is the understanding of the body's structures using human cadavers. Body donation should be a fully conscious and voluntary act. There is growing demand for human cadavers in medical universities. To meet this demand, it is necessary to understand the societal awareness regarding body donation.

Study of social awareness regarding body donations for scientific and educational purposes.

The radial nerve (RN) is a peripheral nerve that originates from the posterior bundle of the brachial plexus and carries C5-Th1 fibres. In the cubital fossa, the radial nerve divides into a superficial branch of the radial nerve (SBRN) and a deep branch of the radial nerve (DBRN). Next, the DBRN enters under the arcade of Frohse (AF) and changes its name to posterior interosseous nerve of antebrachii (PIN). The AF, first described in 1908 by Frohs and Frankel, is the superior proximal part of the supinator muscle, which can be tendinous or membranous.

Anatomical analysis of the radial nerve and arcade of Frohse in the cubital fossa using human cadavers.

For many years, teaching of anatomy has been based on traditional forms of teaching, but innovative solutions are currently being implemented on a large scale around the world. The COVID-19 pandemic and distance learning have influenced the development of new technologies in teaching.

Anatomical theater or full digitization? Students' assessment and preferences in the field of anatomy teaching.

During the dissection of an 82-year-old male specimen, we found an atypical variant of the aortic arch with 5 branches instead of the usual 3. The additional arteries were identified as the IMA thyroid artery (the artery of Neubauer) and the left vertebral artery, which arose directly from the aortic arch. The IMA artery was located between the origin of the brachiocephalic trunk and the left common carotid artery. The left vertebral artery was situated between the origin of the left common carotid artery and the left subclavian artery. No other variations in the origins of major vessels in the thoracic region, head, and neck were observed. The frequency of the left vertebral artery arising directly from the aortic arch is estimated to be 3-8%, and when combined with the IMA artery arising directly from the aortic arch, which occurs in less than 1% of cases, the variant described appears to be extremely rare. In this paper, we present the exact measurements of the arteries we found, their topography relative to other significant anatomical structures, and the potential clinical significance of these variations. The work is accompanied by diagrams and photographs.

Article	Year
Analysis of the upper massif of the craniofacial with the radial method - practical use. Archives of medical science : AMS\| PubMed ID: 22291834	2011
[Vaccination against Streptococcus pneumonia and knowledge about it in the cardiology and general practitioners patients]. Polski merkuriusz lekarski : organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego\| PubMed ID: 23009004	2012
Cephalic index in the first three years of life: study of children with normal brain development based on computed tomography. TheScientificWorldJournal\| PubMed ID: 24688395	2014
Digital analysis of the orbit using the non-referring method. Archives of medical science : AMS\| PubMed ID: 24701232	2014
Orbital Opening Shape and Its Alphanumerical Classification. Advances in clinical and experimental medicine : official organ Wroclaw Medical University\| PubMed ID: 26771964	2015
Female and male orbit asymmetry: Digital analysis. Advances in clinical and experimental medicine : official organ Wroclaw Medical University\| PubMed ID: 28397435	2017
Can the expression of the metalloproteinase 9 gene and its inhibitor be considered as markers of heart failure? Minerva cardiology and angiology\| PubMed ID: 32643898	2021
Sir Frederick Grant Banting - the discoverer of insulin. On the 100th anniversary on the Nobel Prize. Przeglad epidemiologiczny\| PubMed ID: 37283324	2023
Study of social awareness regarding body donations for scientific and educational purposes. Folia morphologica\| PubMed ID: 38757497	2024
Anatomical analysis of the radial nerve and arcade of Frohse in the cubital fossa using human cadavers. Folia morphologica\| PubMed ID: 39044474	2025
Anatomical theater or full digitization? Students' assessment and preferences in the field of anatomy teaching. Folia morphologica\| PubMed ID: 39387399	2024
A rare variant of aortic arch branching - case report. Folia morphologica\| PubMed ID: 40007216	2025

Tomasz Lepich

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