investigating-effects-infrared-therapy-on-bone-after-high-intensity

Investigating the Effects of Infrared Therapy on Bone after High-intensity Treadmill Exercise Training

Bone tissue is an important load-bearing organ of the human body. Moderate exercise enhances bone mass through mechanical loading, while high-intensity ...

Shanghai University of Sport

In competitive sports, the training load is close to the human physiological limit, which will inevitably lead to exercise-induced fatigue. If fatigue cannot be recovered in time, it will eventually lead to excessive training and affect sport performance. Therefore, fatigue has become an important part of the physical function assessment for athletes. This paper will review animal models of long-term exercise-induced fatigue, modeling schemes of mice under treadmill and swimming training, phenotypes of long-term exercise-induced fatigue (e.g., nervous system damage, myocardial cell damage, bone mineral density changes, and skeletal muscle damage), and fatigue indicators. The relationship between physiological indicators and biomarkers and long-term exercise-induced fatigue is analyzed to promote exercise-induced fatigue monitoring. This paper attempts to provide a reference for the selection of animal models of long-term exercise-induced fatigue and provide a new theoretical basis for medical supervision and recovery of exercise-induced fatigue.

Establishment and identification of an animal model of long-term exercise-induced fatigue.

White adipose tissue (WAT) is not only an energy storage reservoir that is critical in energy homeostasis but is also a highly metabolically active endocrine organ. WAT can secrete a variety of adipocytokines, including leptin (LEP), adiponectin (APN), resistin, visfatin, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and osteopontin (OPN). It can also synthesize and secrete exosomes, which enhance intercellular communication and participate in various physiological processes in the body. It can also synthesize and secrete exosomes to enhance intercellular communication and participate in a variety of physiological processes in the body. The skeleton is an important organ for protecting internal organs. It forms the scaffolding of the body and gives the body its basic form. It drives muscle contraction to produce movement under the regulation of the nervous system. It is also an important hematopoietic organ; and it is regulated by the cytokines secreted by WAT. As research related to the release of adipocytokines from WAT to affect the skeleton continues to progress, an inextricable link between bone lipid regulation has been identified. In this paper, we review the literature to summarize the structure, function and metabolism of WAT, elaborate the specific molecular mechanisms by which WAT-secreted hormones, cytokines and exosomes regulate skeletal cells, provide a theoretical basis for the in-depth study of WAT cross-organ regulation of bone, and provide new ideas for finding new adipose-secreted targeting factors for the treatment of skeletal diseases.

The multiple regulatory effects of white adipose tissue on bone homeostasis.

Aging is an inevitable physiological process, often accompanied by age-related bone loss and subsequent bone-related diseases that pose serious health risks. Research on skeletal diseases caused by aging in humans is challenging due to lengthy study durations, difficulties in sampling, regional variability, and substantial investment. Consequently, mice are preferred for such studies due to their similar motor system structure and function to humans, ease of handling and care, low cost, and short generation time. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the characteristics, limitations, applicability, bone phenotypes, and treatment methods in naturally aging mice and prematurely aging mouse models (including ,  mutant, , , , , , , and -deficient mice). We also summarize the molecular mechanisms of these aging mouse models, including cellular DNA damage response, senescence-related secretory phenotype, telomere shortening, oxidative stress, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) abnormalities, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Overall, this review aims to enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of aging-related bone diseases.

Skeletal phenotypes and molecular mechanisms in aging mice.

Bone metabolism is a process in which osteoclasts continuously clear old bone and osteoblasts form osteoid and mineralization within basic multicellular units, which are in a dynamic balance. The process of bone metabolism is affected by many factors, including diet. Reasonable dietary patterns play a vital role in the prevention and treatment of bone-related diseases. In recent years, dietary patterns have changed dramatically. With the continuous improvement in the quality of life, high amounts of sugar, fat and protein have become a part of people's daily diets. However, people have gradually realized the importance of a healthy diet, intermittent fasting, calorie restriction, a vegetarian diet, and moderate exercise. Although these dietary patterns have traditionally been considered healthy, their true impact on bone health are still unclear. Studies have found that caloric restriction and a vegetarian diet can reduce bone mass, the negative impact of a high-sugar and high-fat dietary (HSFD) pattern on bone health is far greater than the positive impact of the mechanical load, and the relationship between a high-protein diet (HPD) and bone health remains controversial. Calcium, vitamin D, and dairy products play an important role in preventing bone loss. In this article, we further explore the relationship between different dietary patterns and bone health, and provide a reference for how to choose the appropriate dietary pattern in the future and for how to prevent bone loss caused by long-term poor dietary patterns in children, adolescents, and the elderly. In addition, this review provides dietary references for the clinical treatment of bone-related diseases and suggests that health policy makers should consider dietary measures to prevent and treat bone loss.

The Effects of Different Dietary Patterns on Bone Health.

This meta-analysis aims to examine differences in biochemical markers of bone metabolism between individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and non-T2DM control groups.

Effect of type 2 diabetes on biochemical markers of bone metabolism: a meta-analysis.

Stem cells are cells with strong proliferation and differentiation abilities. Among all stem cells, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have been extensively studied. BMSCs have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into nerve cells, and participate in cell migration and survival. These cells can also secrete neurotrophic factors through paracrine pathways to affect neural plasticity. Transplantation of BMSCs can affect neural plasticity and is the main treatment method for stroke or other traumatic brain diseases. This article elaborates on the role of BMSC transplantation in neural plasticity, neurotrophic factors, and synaptic changes, and comprehensively analyzes its potential molecular mechanisms to provide a theoretical basis for clinical treatment of brain diseases.

Article	Year
Establishment and identification of an animal model of long-term exercise-induced fatigue. Frontiers in endocrinology\| PubMed ID: 36093084	2022
The multiple regulatory effects of white adipose tissue on bone homeostasis. Journal of cellular physiology\| PubMed ID: 37120830	2023
Skeletal phenotypes and molecular mechanisms in aging mice. Zoological research\| PubMed ID: 38894518	2024
The Effects of Different Dietary Patterns on Bone Health. Nutrients\| PubMed ID: 39064732	2024
Effect of type 2 diabetes on biochemical markers of bone metabolism: a meta-analysis. Frontiers in physiology\| PubMed ID: 39100278	2024
Progress of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation on neural plasticity in brain. Frontiers in cell and developmental biology\| PubMed ID: 40556735	2025

Xiaohua Liu

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