effect-mechanism-tauroursodeoxycholic-acid-blue-fox-bile-on-acute

Effect and Mechanism of Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid in Blue Fox Bile on Acute Alcohol-Associated Liver Injury in Mice

Animal bile, such as bear bile, have long been used in traditional medicine for its therapeutic benefits. Blue fox bile, similar to bear bile, is believed ...

Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine

Strain 39 is an endophytic fungus which was isolated from Dioscorea nipponica Makino (DNM). After Strain 39 co-cultured with ethanol extract of DNM rhizomes for several days, the content of saponins in this culture mixture would be obviously increased. To analyze the mechanism of this microbial transformation, we used the differential display reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (DDRT-PCR) method to compare the transcriptomes between Strain 39 cultured in normal PD medium and in PD medium which added ethanol extract of DNM rhizomes. We amplified 29 DDRT-PCR bands using 12 primer combinations of three anchored primers and five random primers, and six bands were re-amplified. Analysis of real-time PCR and sequence alignment showed that three clones were up-regulated in sample group: squalene epoxidase, squalene synthase, and catalase, one clone was expressed only in sample group. The possible roles and origins of the above genes were discussed, and the molecular mechanism of Strain 39 biotransformation was speculated. This study is the first report of the molecular biotransformation mechanism of saponins production by endophytic fungus of DNM.

Screening for differentially expressed genes in endophytic fungus strain 39 during co-culture with herbal extract of its host Dioscorea nipponica Makino.

Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp., and Ramularia sp. were endophytic fungi isolated from Rumex gmelini Turcz (RGT), all of these three strains could produce some similar bioactive secondary metabolites of their host. However the ability to produce active components degraded significantly after cultured these fungi alone for a long time, and were difficult to recover. In order to obtain more bioactive secondary metabolites, the co-culture of tissue culture seedlings of RGT and its endophytic fungi were established respectively, and RGT seedling was selected as producer. Among these fungi, Aspergillus sp. showed the most significant enhancement on bioactive components accumulation in RGT seedlings. When inoculated Aspergillus sp. spores into media of RGT seedlings that had taken root for 20d, and made spore concentration in co-culture medium was 1×10mL, after co-cultured for 12d, the yield of chrysophaein, resveratrol, chrysophanol, emodin and physcion were 3.52-, 3.70-, 3.60-, 4.25-, 3.85-fold of the control group. The extreme value of musizin yield was 0.289mg, which was not detected in the control groups. The results indicated that co-culture with endophytic fungi could significantly enhance bioactive secondary metabolites production of RGT seedlings.

The improvement of bioactive secondary metabolites accumulation in Rumex gmelini Turcz through co-culture with endophytic fungi.

The complete mitochondrial genome of  was sequenced and analysed using muscle tissue for the first time. The genome is 17 154 bp in length. The complete mitochondrial genome contains 22 tRNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two rRNA genes, two control regions (CRI and CRII) and one putative origin of L-strand replication. The gene order and nucleotide composition of  are very similar with ,  and  A phylogenetic tree of mitochondrial genomes analyses of 16 species snakes of Colubridae was made based on the Neighbour-Joining (NJ) method,  has the most closely relationship with , while  and  are special species.

Sequencing and analysis of mitochondrial genome of  (Reptilia, Squamata, Colubridae).

The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the  was sequenced and reported for the first time using muscle tissue. The total length is 17 151 bp and sequence analysis showed its structure is in accordance with other snakes. The complete mitochondrial genome contains 2 rRNA genes, 21 tRNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 control regions and 1 putative origin of L-strand replication. The gene order and nucleotide composition of  are very similar with ,  and  A phylogenetic tree of mitochondrial genomes indicated  had the most closely relationship with , and formed a monophyletic group with ,  and .

The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of .

The current traditional unsupervised transfer learning assumes that the sample is collected from a single domain. From the aspect of practical application, the sample from a single-source domain is often not enough. In most cases, we usually collect labeled data from multiple domains. In recent years, multisource unsupervised transfer learning with deep learning has focused on aligning in the common feature space and then seeking to minimize the distribution difference between the source and target domains, such as marginal distribution, conditional distribution, or both. Moreover, conditional distribution and marginal distribution are often treated equally, which will lead to poor performance in practical applications. The existing algorithms that consider balanced distribution are often based on a single-source domain. To solve the above-mentioned problems, we propose a multisource transfer learning algorithm based on distribution adaptation. This algorithm considers adjusting the weights of two distributions to solve the problem of distribution adaptation in multisource transfer learning. A large number of experiments have shown that our method MTLBDA has achieved significant results in popular image classification datasets such as Office-31.

Multisource Deep Transfer Learning Based on Balanced Distribution Adaptation.

Rumex gmelinii Turcz. (RGT) is a medicinal plant of the genus Rumex, family Polygonaceae. Our research group isolated an endophytic fungus, Plectosphaerella cucumerina (Strain J-G) from RGT, which could significantly promote host growth when co-cultured with host seedlings. In this study, we used transcriptome analysis and verification experiments to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying this growth-promoting effect. We found that, during co-culture with Strain J-G, the expression of genes encoding key enzymes in amino acid metabolism and carbohydrate synthesis and metabolism were up-regulated in RGT tissue culture seedlings, providing additional substrate and energy for plant growth. In addition, the expression of genes encoding the responser of RGT seedlings to hormones, including auxin and cytokinin, were significantly enhanced, promoting plant growth and development. Furthermore, RGT seedling defense systems were mobilized by Strain J-G; therefore, more secondary metabolites and substances involved in stress resistance were produced, ensuring normal plant growth and metabolism. The research showed Strain J-G significantly promote the accumulation of biomass and effective components of RGT, which provide basis for its application. This research also provides a reference method for the study of growth-promoting mechanism of endophytic fungi.

Transcriptomic analysis reveals the mechanism of host growth promotion by endophytic fungus of Rumex gmelinii Turcz.

Salt stress can adversely affect plant seed germination, growth and development, and eventually lead to slow growth and even death of plants. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different concentrations of NaCl and NaSO stress on the physicochemical properties, enzyme activities, rhizosphere microbial community and seven active components (L-phenylalanine, Protocatechuic acid, Eleutheroside B, Chlorogenic acid, Caffeic acid, Eleutheroside E, Isofraxidin) of Acanthopanax senticosus rhizosphere soil. Statistical analysis was used to explore the correlation between the rhizosphere ecological factors of Acanthopanax senticosus and its active components. Compared with Acanthopanax senticosus under NaCl stress, NaSO generally had a greater effect on Acanthopanax senticosus, which reduced the richness of fungi in rhizosphere soil and adversely affected the content of multiple active components. Pearson analysis showed that pH, organic matter, ammonium nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, catalase and urease were significantly correlated with active components such as Caffeic acid and Isofraxidin. There were 11 known bacterial genera, 12 unknown bacterial genera, 9 known fungal genera and 1 unknown fungal genus significantly associated with the active ingredient. Salt stress had great changes in the physicochemical properties, enzyme activities and microorganisms of the rhizosphere soil of Acanthopanax senticosus. In conclusion, different types and concentrations of salts had different effects on Acanthopanax senticosus, and the active components of Acanthopanax senticosus were regulated by rhizosphere soil ecological factors.

Analysis of Salt Stress on Soil Microbial Community Composition and Its Correlation with Active Components in the Rhizosphere of Acanthopanax senticosus.

Comprehending the interplay between the microbial communities of bulk soil (BS) and rhizosphere soil (RS) holds crucial significance in maintaining soil health and fertility, as well as enhancing crop quality. Our research focused on examining these microbial communities in BS and RS of Acanthopanax senticosus, along with their correlation with soil nutrients, across three distinct habitats in Yichun, Heilongjiang Province. To achieve this, we employed high-throughput sequencing technology, specifically targeting the 16S and amplicon regions. The results showed that there were significant differences in soil nutrients, microbial diversity and composition between BS and RS in different habitats. Available phosphorus (AP), total nitrogen (TN), ammonium-nitrogen (NH-N) and available potassium (AK) content in RS were higher than that in BS, but TP content was opposite. The Mantel experiment's findings revealed that the soil physicochemical attributes exerted a more significant impact on the microbial community present in RS compared to its influence in BS. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that the bacterial community of BS was affected by SMC and TP. The fungal structure of BS was affected by soil moisture content (SMC), AP, AK (P < 0.01) and TN (P < 0.05). The fungal structure of RS was affected by soil organic carbon (SOC), AP and AK. A noteworthy inverse relationship was observed between Actinomycetes and SMC as well as AP. In conclusion, these results extend the understanding of soil microbial community of A. senticosus and provide a preliminary understanding of the effects of habitat changes caused by human activities on A. senticosus.

Diversity of Soil Microbial Communities in the Bulk and Rhizosphere Soils of Acanthopanax senticosus in Different Habitats.

Diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, and viruses) have resulted in the quality and yield of crops, which has seriously affected the development of the agricultural economy. The prolonged use of chemical fungicides for prevention and control can lead to environmental pollution, hindering the sustainable development of safe and eco-friendly agriculture while also promoting the resistance of pathogenic microorganisms. Nevertheless, non-pathogenic endophytic fungi that form symbiotic relationships with plants still exhibit significant antagonistic effects on pathogenic microorganisms, even in small concentrations. These fungi pose no threat to human health and are highly beneficial to the ecological environment, making them an ideal alternative to chemical fungicides. They are increasingly being recognized and have been subjected to comprehensive research. Based on this, this article summarizes the types of endophytic fungi with biocontrol effects in recent years. It focuses on elucidating the mechanisms of their biocontrol from physiological and molecular perspectives. In addition, the application and development challenges of biocontrol agents (BCAs) derived from these fungi are also discussed, including difficulties in elucidating their mechanisms of action during research and development, challenges in strain selection and improvement, difficulties in controlling environmental adaptability, and stringent storage conditions. The aim is to develop more effective endophytic fungi as emerging biocontrol resources for agricultural production.

Applications of endophytic fungi in plant disease control.

The pine plant belongs to the genus Pinus and the Pinaceae family. Approximately 100 species are predominantly distributed in the northern hemisphere. Historically, various parts of pine trees, including pollen, needles, cones, and nuts, have been used in traditional medicine for their therapeutic properties. Polysaccharides have emerged as key bioactive constituents of pine in recent decades, attracting significant scientific interest due to their immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Despite extensive studies on extraction methods and biological functions of pine polysaccharides, major gaps remain in understanding their structure-activity relationships. Current structural analyses are predominantly limited to monosaccharide composition and molecular weight. Moreover, systematic comparisons of polysaccharides from different pine tissues are scarce. Therefore, the mechanisms underlying the bioactivity and full pharmaceutical potential of pine polysaccharides need elucidation. This study aimed to comprehensively review recent advances in the extraction, purification, structural characterization, and biological activities of polysaccharides derived from distinct pine components. Comprehensive information on the Pinus species was collected via electronic searches (e.g., GoogleScholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and CNKI) and from reference books. Existing data on structure-activity correlations and applications were integrated, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for future research on pine polysaccharides as novel therapeutic agents.

Article	Year
Screening for differentially expressed genes in endophytic fungus strain 39 during co-culture with herbal extract of its host Dioscorea nipponica Makino. Current microbiology\| PubMed ID: 24894904	2014
The improvement of bioactive secondary metabolites accumulation in Rumex gmelini Turcz through co-culture with endophytic fungi. Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology]\| PubMed ID: 29254631	2018
Sequencing and analysis of mitochondrial genome of (Reptilia, Squamata, Colubridae). Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources\| PubMed ID: 33473400	2016
The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of . Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources\| PubMed ID: 33473451	2016
Multisource Deep Transfer Learning Based on Balanced Distribution Adaptation. Computational intelligence and neuroscience\| PubMed ID: 35479600	2022
Transcriptomic analysis reveals the mechanism of host growth promotion by endophytic fungus of Rumex gmelinii Turcz. Archives of microbiology\| PubMed ID: 35776209	2022
Analysis of Salt Stress on Soil Microbial Community Composition and Its Correlation with Active Components in the Rhizosphere of Acanthopanax senticosus. Current microbiology\| PubMed ID: 38695903	2024
Diversity of Soil Microbial Communities in the Bulk and Rhizosphere Soils of Acanthopanax senticosus in Different Habitats. Current microbiology\| PubMed ID: 39762585	2025
Applications of endophytic fungi in plant disease control. Archives of microbiology\| PubMed ID: 40205240	2025
Extraction, purification, structural characterization, bioactivities and application of polysaccharides from different parts of pine. Fitoterapia\| PubMed ID: 40294657	2025

Changhong Ding

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