a-methodological-protocol-considerations-for-transcranial-ultrasonic

A Methodological Protocol and Considerations for Transcranial Ultrasonic Stimulation in Exploratory Clinical Human Studies

Transcranial ultrasonic stimulation (TUS) is emerging as a non-invasive neuromodulatory technique capable of delivering millimeter-precision stimulation ...

Duke University School of Medicine

Duke University

Due to the rapid developments in materials science and fabrication techniques, wearable devices have recently received increased attention for biomedical applications, particularly in medical ultrasound (US) imaging, sensing, and therapy. US is ubiquitous in biomedical applications because of its noninvasive nature, nonionic radiating, high precision, and real-time capabilities. While conventional US transducers are rigid and bulky, flexible transducers can be conformed to curved body areas for continuous sensing without restricting tissue movement or transducer shifting. This article comprehensively reviews the application of flexible US transducers in the field of biomedical imaging, sensing, and therapy. First, we review the background of flexible US transducers. Following that, we discuss advanced materials and fabrication techniques for flexible US transducers and their enabling technology status. Finally, we highlight and summarize some promising preliminary data with recent applications of flexible US transducers in biomedical imaging, sensing, and therapy. We also provide technical barriers, challenges, and future perspectives for further research and development.

Flexible Ultrasonic Transducers for Wearable Biomedical Applications: A Review on Advanced Materials, Structural Designs, and Future Prospects.

We aimed to determine the maximum safe spatial-peak pulse-average intensity (I) of low-intensity focused ultrasound stimulation (LIFUS) in stroke patients and explore its effect on motor learning and corticospinal excitability.

Low intensity focused ultrasound stimulation in stroke: A phase I safety & feasibility trial.

Writer's cramp (WC) dystonia is an involuntary movement disorder with distributed abnormalities in the brain's motor network. Prior studies established the potential for repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to either premotor cortex (PMC) or primary somatosensory cortex (PSC) to modify symptoms. However, clinical effects have been modest with limited understanding of the neural mechanisms hindering therapeutic advancement of this promising approach.

Article	Year
Flexible Ultrasonic Transducers for Wearable Biomedical Applications: A Review on Advanced Materials, Structural Designs, and Future Prospects. IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control\| PubMed ID: 37971905	2024
Low intensity focused ultrasound stimulation in stroke: A phase I safety & feasibility trial. Brain stimulation\| PubMed ID: 39842609	2025
Motor network reorganization associated with rTMS-induced writing improvement in writer's cramp dystonia. Brain stimulation\| PubMed ID: 39924101	2025
C3-C4 transcranial direct current stimulation montage stimulates lower limb region better than C1-C2 montage. Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology\| PubMed ID: 41237528	2025
Inter-pulse interval and motor evoked potential variability: Bridging insights from healthy adults to post-stroke TMS protocols. Brain stimulation\| PubMed ID: 41242424	2025

Ziping Huang

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