massive-ovulation-mammals-techniques-for-analyzing-natural

Massive Ovulation in Mammals: Techniques for Analyzing Natural Spontaneous Polyovulation and Induced Polyovulation in <em>Lagostomus maximus</em>

The South American plains vizcacha, Lagostomus maximus, is recognized as the mammalian species with the highest ovulation rate, which can reach as many as ...

Universidad Maimónides

It has been widely accepted that mammalian females are born with a non-renewing, finite pool of oocytes that will be continuously cleared by atresia, with only a small proportion of them reaching ovulation. Apoptosis regulates this mass germ cell death, especially through the balance between pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins encoded by the BCL-2 gene family. The caviomorph rodent Lagostomus maximus, the South American plains viscacha, displays the highest ovulation rate known for a mammal releasing 400-800 eggs per cycle. We tested the hypothesis that in L. maximus massive polyovulation is a consequence of reduced apoptosis resulting in suppressed follicular atresia. We found that anti-apoptotic BCL-2 gene is markedly expressed in all kind of follicles from primordial to fully mature antral stages in the adult ovary of L. maximus. On the other hand, pro-apoptotic BAX gene showed weak signals or was undetectable by immunohistochemical examination. Western blot against both proteins confirmed immunohistochemical results. Screening for DNA fragmentation by TUNEL assay was conspicuously negative in ovaries from both pregnant and non-pregnant females. In addition, alpha-oestrogen receptor also showed an enhanced expression from primordial stage to fully mature antral follicles. Our results show that natural preferential expression of BCL-2 and restricted BAX expression greatly suppresses apoptosis in the ovary of L. maximus. This prevents the decline of the oocyte reserve by abolishing follicular atresia and enables the highest ovulation rate known for a mammal, 400-800 or more eggs per cycle.

Naturally suppressed apoptosis prevents follicular atresia and oocyte reserve decline in the adult ovary of Lagostomus maximus (Rodentia, Caviomorpha).

The South American plains vizcacha, Lagostomus maximus, displays an exceptional ovulation rate of up to 800 eggs per cycle, the highest rate recorded for a mammal. Massive polyovulation arises from the overexpression of the apoptosis-inhibiting BCL2 gene leading to a suppression of apoptotic pathways responsible for follicular atresia in mammals. We analyzed the ovarian histology, ovarian apoptosis, and apoptosis-related protein expression with special emphasis in corpora lutea throughout the 5-mo-long gestation period, at parturition day and early postpartum, in L. maximus. Corpora lutea were abundant throughout gestation with no sign of structural regression even at the end of gestation. Both immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis showed strong signals for apoptosis-inhibiting BCL2 protein, whereas the proapoptotic BAX protein was just detected in isolated luteal cells in gestating females and postpartum females. Apoptosis-associated DNA fragmentation detected by TUNEL was very scarce and occasional and correlated with BAX detection in luteal cells. Marked expression of progesterone and alpha-estrogen receptors in luteal cells was found at early, mid-, and late gestation as well as at parturition day and early postpartum samples. Additionally, serum level of progesterone increased markedly to reach maximal values at late gestation and decreasing at parturition to levels found at early gestation, suggesting that corpora lutea remained functional throughout gestation. These results point out that the unusual ovarian environment of L. maximus in which germ cell demise is abolished through antiapoptotic BCL2 gene overexpression also preserves structural integrity and functionality of corpora lutea during the whole gestation. Overexpression of antiapoptotic BCL2 gene may represent a strategy for an essential need of ovary and corpora lutea in order to maintain pregnancy until term.

The ovary of the gestating South American plains vizcacha (Lagostomus maximus): suppressed apoptosis and corpora lutea persistence.

Germ cell number during ovarian organogenesis is regulated through programmed cell death. We investigated the expression of germ-cell-specific VASA protein, apoptosis-related proteins BAX and BCL-2 and DNA fragmentation in developing human ovaries from gestation week 12 to term.

The developing human ovary: immunohistochemical analysis of germ-cell-specific VASA protein, BCL-2/BAX expression balance and apoptosis.

Lagostomus maximus is a notable mammalian model for reproductive studies. Females have an extremely high ovulation rate, which is due to down-regulation of the follicular apoptosis pathway, which ensures a large pool of developing follicles. This large pool is supported by the convoluted anatomy of the mature ovary, whose germinal tissue is found in irregularly curved ridges throughout the cortex. Medullary tissue is restricted to a minimum. Lyso Tracker Red reconstruction under confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to recognize and measure all follicular stages from primordial to antral. Unlike most mammals in which early primordial follicles are just found in fetal life, the adult ovary shows regions packed with early primordial follicles. Follicle size ranged from 24 to 316 microm. We discuss the relationships of L. maximus follicles size with regard to other species of mammals and propose that the physiology of the adult viscacha ovary obeys to a neoteny process in the evolution of this species.

The ovary of Lagostomus maximus (Mammalia, Rodentia): an analysis by confocal microscopy.

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&#x96C4;&#x6FC0;&#x7D20;&#x53D7;&#x4F53;&#x3001; &#x96CC;&#x6FC0;&#x7D20;&#x53D7;&#x4F53; &alpha; &#x548C; &beta; &#x548C;&#x80CE;&#x513F;&#x3001; &#x56F4;&#x4EA7;&#x3001; Prepubertal &#x548C;&#x6210;&#x4EBA;&#x777E;&#x4E38;&#x7684;&#x5357;&#x7F8E;&#x6D32;&#x5E73;&#x539F; Vizcacha&#xFF0C;Lagostomus &#x9C7C; (&#x54FA;&#x4E73;&#x7EB2;&#xFF0C;&#x556E;&#x9F7F;&#x7C7B;) &#x4E2D;&#x82B3;&#x9999;&#x5316;&#x9176;&#x7684;&#x8868;&#x8FBE;&#x3002;

Androgens and androgen receptor play a critical role in spermatogenesis and fertility in mammals, and estrogens and their receptors contribute to regulation of testicular function through initiation and maintenance of spermatogenesis and germ cell division and survival. However, results from different species are still far from establishing a clear understanding of these receptors in the different cell types from the testis. We analyzed the expression of androgen receptor, estrogen receptors Î± and Î² and aromatase protein by immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR, in relation to proliferation followed by the expression of proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and germinal identity by VASA protein, in fetal, perinatal, prepubertal and adult testes of Lagostomus maximus, a rodent with sustained germ cell proliferation and an increasing number of OCT-4-expressing gonocytes in the developing ovary. AR expression was restricted to Leydig cells and peritubular cells before sexual maturity, at which point it also became expressed in Sertoli cells. ERÎ± and ERÎ² were expressed in seminiferous tubules and the interstitium, respectively, in both fetal and prepubertal testes. In adult testes, both ERÎ± and ERÎ² co-localized in Leydig and peritubular cells. The aromatase enzyme, which converts androgenic precursors into estrogens, was detectable in all developmental stages analyzed and was restricted to Leydig cells. PCNA remained high until sexual maturity. ERÎ± nuclear detection in germ cells and AR in Leydig cells in PCNA-positive cells suggest the possibility of a stimulatory effect of estrogens on spermatogonia proliferation. This effect might explain the increase found in VASA-expressing cells in the adult testis.

Expression of Androgen Receptor, Estrogen Receptors Alpha and Beta and Aromatase in the Fetal, Perinatal, Prepubertal and Adult Testes of the South American Plains Vizcacha, Lagostomus maximus (Mammalia, Rodentia).

Androg&egrave;nes et r&eacute;cepteur des androg&egrave;nes jouent un r&ocirc;le essentiel dans la spermatogen&egrave;se et la fertilit&eacute; chez les mammif&egrave;res, et des oestrog&egrave;nes et leurs r&eacute;cepteurs contribuent &agrave; la r&eacute;gulation de la fonction testiculaire &agrave; travers l&#39;ouverture et l&#39;entretien de la division de la spermatogen&egrave;se et des cellules germinales et de survie. Cependant, les r&eacute;sultats provenant de diff&eacute;rentes esp&egrave;ces sont encore loin d&#39;&eacute;tablir une compr&eacute;hension claire de ces r&eacute;cepteurs dans les diff&eacute;rents types de cellules du testicule. Nous avons analys&eacute; l&#39;expression du r&eacute;cepteur des androg&egrave;nes, oestrog&egrave;nes r&eacute;cepteurs &alpha; et &beta; et l&#39;aromatase prot&eacute;ine par immunohistochimie et PCR en temps r&eacute;el, en ce qui concerne la prolif&eacute;ration, suivie par l&#39;expression de l&#39;antig&egrave;ne nucl&eacute;aire de cellules de prolif&eacute;ration (PCNA) et identit&eacute; germinale prot&eacute;ine VASA, dans les testicules foetus, p&eacute;rinatales, pr&eacute;pub&egrave;res et adultes de Lagostomus maximus, un rongeur &agrave; une prolif&eacute;ration des cellules germinales soutenue et un nombre croissant de gonocytes exprimant l&#39;OCT-4 dans l&#39;ovaire en d&eacute;veloppement. Expression AR &eacute;tait limit&eacute;e aux cellules de Leydig et cellules p&eacute;ritubulaires avant la maturit&eacute; sexuelle, &agrave; quel point il est devenu aussi exprim&eacute; dans les cellules de Sertoli. ER&alpha; et RE&beta; ont &eacute;t&eacute; exprim&eacute;es dans les tubules s&eacute;minif&egrave;res et l&#39;interstitium, respectivement, dans les testicules fois foetales et pr&eacute;pub&egrave;res. Dans les testicules adultes, ER&alpha; tant RE&beta; localis&eacute;e dans les cellules de Leydig et p&eacute;ritubulaire. L&#39;enzyme aromatase, qui convertit des pr&eacute;curseurs androg&egrave;nes en oestrog&egrave;nes, a &eacute;t&eacute; d&eacute;tect&eacute; dans tous les stades de d&eacute;veloppement analys&eacute;s et se limitait &agrave; cellules de Leydig. PCNA est demeur&eacute;e &eacute;lev&eacute;e jusqu&#39;&agrave; la maturit&eacute; sexuelle. D&eacute;tection nucl&eacute;aire ER&alpha; dans les cellules germinales et AR dans les cellules de Leydig dans des cellules positives PCNA sugg&egrave;rent la possibilit&eacute; d&#39;un effet stimulant des oestrog&egrave;nes sur la prolif&eacute;ration des spermatogonies. Cet effet pourrait expliquer l&#39;augmentation dans les cellules exprimant le VASA dans le testicule adult.

Expression du r&eacute;cepteur des androg&egrave;nes, oestrog&egrave;nes r&eacute;cepteurs Alpha et b&ecirc;ta et Aromatase foetal, p&eacute;rinatale, Prepubertal et testicules adultes de l&#39;Am&eacute;rique du sud des plaines Vizcacha, Lagostomus maximus (Mammalia, rongeurs).

Androgene und Androgenrezeptor spielen eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Spermatogenese und Fruchtbarkeit bei S&auml;ugetieren, und &Ouml;strogene und ihre Rezeptoren tragen zur Regulierung der Testikular-Funktion durch Einleitung und Aufrechterhaltung der Spermatogenese und Germ Cell Division und &uuml;berleben. Die Ergebnisse aus verschiedenen Arten sind jedoch noch weit von einer klaren Vermittlung dieser Rezeptoren in den verschiedenen Zelltypen aus den Hoden. Wir analysierten den Ausdruck der Androgenrezeptor, &Ouml;strogen-Rezeptoren-&alpha; und &beta; und Aromatase Protein durch Immunhistochemie und Echtzeit-PCR, in Bezug auf Verbreitung, gefolgt von dem Ausdruck der Verbreitung Zelle Nukle&auml;res Antigen (PCNA) und germinal Identit&auml;t durch VASA Protein im fetalen, Perinatale, Vorpubert&auml;r und Erwachsenen Hoden Lagostomus Maximus, ein Nagetier mit anhaltenden Germ Cell Proliferation und eine wachsende Zahl von OCT-4-Ausdruck Uranylionen in den Entwicklungsl&auml;ndern Eierstock. AR Ausdruck beschr&auml;nkte sich auf Leydig-Zellen und der Peritubular vor der Geschlechtsreife, an welcher Stelle sie auch in Sertoli-Zellen ausgedr&uuml;ckt wurde. ER&alpha; und ER&beta; wurden in seminiferous Tubules und das Interstitium bzw. sowohl fetale und pr&auml;pubert&auml;re Hoden ausgedr&uuml;ckt. Im Erwachsenen Hoden, ER&alpha; und ER&beta; co-localized in Zellen Leydig und Peritubular. Die Aromatase-Enzym, die Androgene Vorstufen in &Ouml;strogene umwandelt, war nachweisbar in allen Entwicklungsstadien analysiert und beschr&auml;nkte sich auf Leydig-Zellen. Hohe blieb PCNA sexuelle Reife. ER&alpha; nukleare Erkennung in Keimzellen und AR in Leydig-Zellen in PCNA-positiven Zellen schlagen die M&ouml;glichkeit, eine stimulierende Wirkung der &Ouml;strogene auf Spermatogonien Verbreitung. Dieser Effekt k&ouml;nnte erkl&auml;ren, dass den Anstieg in VASA-Ausdruck von Zellen in den Erwachsenen Hoden gefunden.

Ausdruck der Androgen-Rezeptor, &Ouml;strogen Rezeptoren Alpha und Beta und Aromatase im fetalen, Perinatal, Prepubertal und Erwachsenen Hoden der s&uuml;damerikanischen Plains Vizcacha, Lagostomus Maximus (Mammalia, Rodentia).

Androgeni e recettore degli androgeni svolgono un ruolo critico nella spermatogenesi e fertilit&agrave; nei mammiferi, e gli estrogeni e loro recettori contribuiscono alla regolazione della funzione testicolare attraverso l&#39;iniziazione e la manutenzione di divisione di spermatogenesi e la produzione delle cellule germinali e sopravvivenza. Tuttavia, risultati da diverse specie sono ancora lontani dallo stabilire una chiara comprensione di questi recettori nei tipi differenti delle cellule dal testicolo. Abbiamo analizzato l&#39;espressione del recettore degli androgeni, estrogeni recettori &alpha; e &beta; e dell&#39;aromatasi proteina da immunohistochemistry e PCR in tempo reale, in relazione alla proliferazione seguita dall&#39;espressione dell&#39;antigene nucleare delle cellule di proliferazione (PCNA) e germinale identit&agrave; di proteina VASA, nei testicoli fetali, perinatale, prepuberi e adulti Lagostomus maximus, un roditore con proliferazione delle cellule di germe sostenuta e un numero crescente di gonocytes OCT-4-esprimendo nell&#39;ovaio in via di sviluppo. Espressione di AR &egrave; stata limitata a cellule di Leydig e peritubulare cellule prima della maturit&agrave; sessuale, al punto che essa divenne espresso anche in cellule del Sertoli. ER&alpha; ed ER&beta; sono stati espressi nei tubuli seminiferi e l&#39;interstizio, rispettivamente, nei testicoli fetali e prepuberale. In adulti testicoli, sia ER&alpha; ed ER&beta; co-ha localizzato nelle cellule di Leydig e peritubulare. L&#39;enzima aromatasi, che converte i precursori androgeni in estrogeni, era rilevabile in tutte le fasi di sviluppo analizzate ed era limitata a cellule di Leydig. PCNA &egrave; rimasto alto fino alla maturit&agrave; sessuale. ER&alpha; rilevamento nucleare nelle cellule germinali e AR in cellule di Leydig in cellule positive PCNA suggeriscono la possibilit&agrave; di un effetto stimolante degli estrogeni sulla proliferazione di spermatogoni. Questo effetto potrebbe spiegare l&#39;aumento trovato in cellule che esprimono VASA nel testicolo adulto.

Espressione del recettore degli androgeni, estrogeni recettori alfa e Beta e aromatasi in fetale, perinatale, Prepubertal e adulti testicoli del sud americano pianure Vizcacha, Lagostomus maximus (Mammalia, Rodentia).

&#x30A2;&#x30F3;&#x30C9;&#x30ED;&#x30B2;&#x30F3;&#x3068;&#x30A2;&#x30F3;&#x30C9;&#x30ED;&#x30B2;&#x30F3;&#x53D7;&#x5BB9;&#x4F53;&#x7CBE;&#x5B50;&#x5F62;&#x6210;&#x306B;&#x304A;&#x3044;&#x3066;&#x91CD;&#x8981;&#x306A;&#x5F79;&#x5272;&#x3068;&#x54FA;&#x4E73;&#x52D5;&#x7269;&#x3067;&#x3001;&#x4E0D;&#x598A;&#x6CBB;&#x7642;&#x3092;&#x518D;&#x751F;&#x3057;&#x3001;&#x30A8;&#x30B9;&#x30C8;&#x30ED;&#x30B2;&#x30F3;&#x3068;&#x305D;&#x306E;&#x53D7;&#x5BB9;&#x4F53;&#x306E;&#x7CBE;&#x5DE3;&#x6A5F;&#x80FD;&#x958B;&#x59CB;&#x3092;&#x4ECB;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x8ABF;&#x7BC0;&#x3068;&#x7CBE;&#x5B50;&#x5F62;&#x6210;&#x3068;&#x751F;&#x6B96;&#x7D30;&#x80DE;&#x306E;&#x5206;&#x88C2;&#x3068;&#x751F;&#x5B58;&#x306E;&#x7DAD;&#x6301;&#x306B;&#x8CA2;&#x732E;&#x3002;&#x305F;&#x3060;&#x3057;&#x3001;&#x7D50;&#x679C;&#x306E;&#x7570;&#x306A;&#x308B;&#x7A2E;&#x304B;&#x3089;&#x7CBE;&#x5DE3;&#x304B;&#x3089;&#x7570;&#x306A;&#x3063;&#x305F;&#x7D30;&#x80DE;&#x306E;&#x30BF;&#x30A4;&#x30D7;&#x306E;&#x3053;&#x308C;&#x3089;&#x306E;&#x53D7;&#x5BB9;&#x4F53;&#x3092;&#x660E;&#x78BA;&#x306B;&#x7406;&#x89E3;&#x3092;&#x307E;&#x3060;&#x78BA;&#x7ACB;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x304B;&#x3089;&#x9060;&#x3044;&#x3067;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x30A2;&#x30F3;&#x30C9;&#x30ED;&#x30B2;&#x30F3;&#x53D7;&#x5BB9;&#x4F53;, &#x514D;&#x75AB;&#x7D44;&#x7E54;&#x5316;&#x5B66;&#x3068;&#x30F4;&#x30A1;&#x30FC;&#x30B5; &#x30BF;&#x30F3;&#x30D1;&#x30AF;&#x8CEA; Lagostomus &#x5927;&#x6BBF;&#x3001;&#x6301;&#x7D9A;&#x7684;&#x306A;&#x751F;&#x6B96;&#x7D30;&#x80DE;&#x5897;&#x6B96;&#x6301;&#x3064;&#x9F67;&#x6B6F;&#x52D5;&#x7269;&#x304A;&#x3088;&#x3073; OCT 4 &#x3092;&#x8868;&#x73FE;&#x3059;&#x308B; gonocyte &#x958B;&#x767A;&#x306E;&#x5375;&#x5DE3;&#x306E;&#x5897;&#x52A0;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x6570;&#x306E;&#x5468;&#x7523;&#x671F;&#x3001;&#x601D;&#x6625;&#x671F;&#x524D;&#x80CE;&#x5150;&#x3001;&#x6210;&#x4EBA;&#x7CBE;&#x5DE3;&#x306B;&#x304A;&#x3051;&#x308B;&#x5897;&#x6B96;&#x7D30;&#x80DE;&#x6838;&#x6297;&#x539F; (PCNA) &#x3068;&#x80DA;&#x306E;&#x30A2;&#x30A4;&#x30C7;&#x30F3;&#x30C6;&#x30A3;&#x30C6;&#x30A3;&#x306E;&#x8868;&#x73FE;&#x306B;&#x3088;&#x3063;&#x3066;&#x7D9A;&#x3044;&#x3066;&#x5897;&#x6B96;&#x95A2;&#x9023;&#x306E;&#x30EA;&#x30A2;&#x30EB;&#x30BF;&#x30A4;&#x30E0; PCR &#x306B;&#x3088;&#x308B;&#x30A8;&#x30B9;&#x30C8;&#x30ED;&#x30B2;&#x30F3;&#x53D7;&#x5BB9;&#x4F53; &alpha; &#x3068; &beta; &#x3068;&#x30A2;&#x30ED;&#x30DE;&#x30BF;&#x30FC;&#x30BC;&#x86CB;&#x767D;&#x8CEA;&#x306E;&#x8868;&#x73FE;&#x3092;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;AR &#x5F0F;&#x524D;&#x306B;&#x6027;&#x7684;&#x306B;&#x6210;&#x719F;&#x3001;&#x305D;&#x306E;&#x6642;&#x70B9;&#x3067;&#x305D;&#x308C;&#x3082;&#x30BB;&#x30EB;&#x30C8;&#x30EA;&#x7D30;&#x80DE;&#x3067;&#x767A;&#x73FE;&#x3068;&#x306A;&#x3063;&#x305F;&#x30E9;&#x30A4;&#x30C7;&#x30A3;&#x30C3;&#x30D2;&#x7D30;&#x80DE;&#x3084;, &#x7BA1;&#x5468;&#x56F2;&#x7D30;&#x80DE;&#x306B;&#x5236;&#x9650;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x307E;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x305D;&#x308C;&#x305E;&#x308C;&#x3001;ER&alpha; &#x3068; ER&beta; &#x7CBE;&#x7D30;&#x7BA1;&#x3068;&#x3001;&#x6C17;&#x9053;&#x306E;&#x7CBE;&#x5DE3;&#x3067;&#x306F;&#x80CE;&#x5150;&#x3068;&#x601D;&#x6625;&#x671F;&#x524D;&#x304C;&#x8868;&#x73FE;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x307E;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x6210;&#x4EBA;&#x306E;&#x7CBE;&#x5DE3;&#x3067;&#x306F;&#x3001;ER&alpha; &#x3068; ER&beta; &#x306E;&#x4E21;&#x65B9;&#x30E9;&#x30A4;&#x30C7;&#x30A3;&#x30C3;&#x30D2;&#x3068;, &#x7BA1;&#x5468;&#x56F2;&#x7D30;&#x80DE;&#x3092; co-localized &#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x30A2;&#x30F3;&#x30C9;&#x30ED;&#x30B2;&#x30F3;&#x524D;&#x99C6;&#x4F53;&#x30A8;&#x30B9;&#x30C8;&#x30ED;&#x30B2;&#x30F3;&#x306B;&#x5909;&#x63DB;&#x30A2;&#x30ED;&#x30DE;&#x30BF;&#x30FC;&#x30BC;&#x9175;&#x7D20;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#x3059;&#x3079;&#x3066;&#x306E;&#x767A;&#x9054;&#x6BB5;&#x968E;&#x3067;&#x691C;&#x51FA;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x3001;&#x30E9;&#x30A4;&#x30C7;&#x30A3;&#x30C3;&#x30D2;&#x7D30;&#x80DE;&#x306B;&#x5236;&#x9650;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x307E;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;PCNA &#x307E;&#x3067;&#x6027;&#x7684;&#x6210;&#x719F;&#x5EA6;&#x304C;&#x9AD8;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x307E;&#x3067;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;ER&alpha; &#x6838;&#x691C;&#x51FA;&#x751F;&#x6B96;&#x7D30;&#x80DE;&#x306B;&#x304A;&#x3051;&#x308B; AR &#x306E;&#x30E9;&#x30A4;&#x30C7;&#x30A3;&#x30D2;&#x7D30;&#x80DE;&#x306E; PCNA &#x967D;&#x6027;&#x7D30;&#x80DE;&#x306E;&#x30A8;&#x30B9;&#x30C8;&#x30ED;&#x30B2;&#x30F3;&#x306E;&#x7CBE;&#x7956;&#x7D30;&#x80DE;&#x5897;&#x6B96;&#x4FC3;&#x9032;&#x52B9;&#x679C;&#x306E;&#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x6027;&#x304C;&#x793A;&#x5506;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x305F;.&#x3053;&#x306E;&#x52B9;&#x679C;&#x306F;&#x30F4;&#x30A1;&#x30FC;&#x30B5;&#x767A;&#x73FE;&#x7D30;&#x80DE;&#x6210;&#x4EBA;&#x306E;&#x7CBE;&#x5DE3;&#x3067;&#x306E;&#x5897;&#x52A0;&#x3092;&#x8AAC;&#x660E;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x304B;&#x3082;&#x3057;&#x308C;&#x306A;&#x3044;&#x3002;

&#x30A2;&#x30F3;&#x30C9;&#x30ED;&#x30B2;&#x30F3;&#x53D7;&#x5BB9;&#x4F53;, &#x30A8;&#x30B9;&#x30C8;&#x30ED;&#x30B2;&#x30F3;&#x53D7;&#x5BB9;&#x4F53;&#x30A2;&#x30EB;&#x30D5;&#x30A1;&#x3068;&#x30D9;&#x30FC;&#x30BF;&#x80CE;&#x4ED4;, &#x5468;&#x7523;&#x671F;&#x3001;Prepubertal &#x304A;&#x3088;&#x3073;&#x5357;&#x30A2;&#x30E1;&#x30EA;&#x30AB;&#x306E;&#x5E73;&#x539F; Vizcacha&#x3001;&#x30DE;&#x30AF;&#x30B7;&#x30E0;&#x30B9; Lagostomus (&#x54FA;&#x4E73;&#x7DB1;, &#x9F67;&#x6B6F;&#x76EE;) &#x306E;&#x6210;&#x4EBA;&#x306E;&#x7CBE;&#x5DE3;&#x3067;&#x306F;&#x30A2;&#x30ED;&#x30DE;&#x30BF;&#x30FC;&#x30BC;&#x306E;&#x767A;&#x73FE;

&#xC548; &#xB4DC;&#xB85C; &#xAC90;&#xACFC; &#xC548; &#xB4DC;&#xB85C; &#xAC90; &#xC218;&#xC6A9; &#xCCB4; &#xD50C;&#xB808;&#xC774; spermatogenesis&#xC5D0; &#xC911;&#xC694; &#xD55C; &#xC5ED;&#xD560;&#xC744; &#xD558; &#xACE0; &#xD3EC;&#xC720;&#xB958;, &#xBD88; &#xC784; &#xBC0F; &#xAC1C;&#xC2DC;&#xB97C; &#xD1B5;&#xD574; &#xACE0;&#xD658; &#xAE30;&#xB2A5; &#xADDC;&#xC815;&#xACFC; spermatogenesis &#xBC0F; &#xC0DD;&#xC2DD; &#xC138;&#xD3EC; &#xBD84;&#xC5F4;&#xACFC; &#xC0DD;&#xC874;&#xC758; &#xC720;&#xC9C0;&#xC5D0; &#xAE30;&#xC5EC; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xC5D0;&#xC2A4;&#xD2B8;&#xB85C;&#xAC90;&#xACFC; &#xADF8;&#xB4E4;&#xC758; &#xC218;&#xC6A9; &#xCCB4;. &#xADF8;&#xB7EC;&#xB098;, &#xC885;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xACB0;&#xACFC; &#xACE0;&#xD658;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xC11C;&#xB85C; &#xB2E4;&#xB978; &#xC138;&#xD3EC; &#xC720;&#xD615;&#xC5D0;&#xC774; &#xC218;&#xC6A9; &#xCCB4;&#xC5D0; &#xBD84;&#xBA85;&#xD788; &#xC774;&#xD574;&#xB97C; &#xC218;&#xB9BD; &#xBA40;&#xC9C0;&#xB294;. &#xC6B0;&#xB9AC;&#xB294; &#xC548; &#xB4DC;&#xB85C; &#xAC90; &#xC218;&#xC6A9; &#xCCB4;, &#xC5D0;&#xC2A4;&#xD2B8;&#xB85C;&#xAC90; &#xC218;&#xC6A9; &#xCCB4; &alpha;&#xC640; &beta; aromatase &#xB2E8;&#xBC31;&#xC9C8; &#xAE30;&#xC220; &#xBC0F; Lagostomus &#xB9C9;&#xC2DC;&#xBB34;&#xC2A4;, &#xC9C0;&#xC18D;&#xC801;&#xC778;&#xB41C; &#xC138;&#xADE0; &#xC138;&#xD3EC; &#xC99D;&#xC2DD;&#xACFC; &#xC950; &#xADF8;&#xB9AC;&#xACE0; &#xAC1C;&#xBC1C; &#xB09C;&#xC18C;&#xC5D0; 10 &#xC6D4; 4 &#xD45C;&#xD604; gonocytes&#xC758; &#xC99D;&#xAC00; &#xC218;&#xC758; &#xD0DC;&#xC544;, perinatal prepubertal &#xBC0F; &#xC131;&#xC778; testes&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xBC14;&#xC0AC; &#xB2E8;&#xBC31;&#xC9C8;&#xC5D0; &#xC758;&#xD574; &#xC99D;&#xC2DD; &#xC138;&#xD3EC; &#xD575; &#xD56D; &#xC6D0; (PCNA)&#xC640; &#xC0C8;&#xC2F9; &#xC815;&#xCCB4;&#xC131;&#xC758; &#xD45C;&#xD604; &#xC774;&#xC5B4;&#xC11C; &#xD655;&#xC0B0; &#xAD00;&#xB828; &#xC2E4;&#xC2DC;&#xAC04; PCR&#xC5D0; &#xC758;&#xD574;&#xC758; &#xC2DD;&#xC744; &#xBD84;&#xC11D; &#xD588;&#xB2E4;. &#xC544;&#xCE78;&#xC18C; &#xC2DD; &#xC5B4;&#xB290; &#xC2DC;&#xC810;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xADF8;&#xAC83;&#xC740; &#xB610;&#xD55C; &#xB418;&#xC5C8;&#xB2E4; &#xD45C;&#xD604; Sertoli &#xC138;&#xD3EC;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xC131;&#xC801; &#xC131;&#xC219; &#xD558;&#xAE30; &#xC804;&#xC5D0; Leydig &#xC138;&#xD3EC; &#xBC0F; peritubular &#xC140;&#xC744; &#xC81C;&#xD55C; &#xD588;&#xB2E4;. ER&alpha; &#xBC0F; ER&beta; &#xD588;&#xB2E4; &#xD45C;&#xD604; seminiferous tubules &#xADF8;&#xB9AC;&#xACE0; interstitium, &#xAC01;&#xAC01;, &#xD0DC;&#xC544; &#xBC0F; prepubertal testes&#xC5D0;&#xC11C;. &#xC131;&#xC778; testes&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; ER&alpha; &#xBC0F; ER&beta; co-localized Leydig &#xBC0F; peritubular &#xC140;. &#xC5D0;&#xC2A4;&#xD2B8;&#xB85C;&#xAC90;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; androgenic &#xC804;&#xC870;&#xB97C; &#xBCC0;&#xD658; &#xD558;&#xB294; aromatase &#xD6A8;&#xC18C; &#xBD84;&#xC11D; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xBAA8;&#xB4E0; &#xAC1C;&#xBC1C; &#xB2E8;&#xACC4;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xAC10;&#xC9C0; &#xB418;&#xC5C8;&#xACE0; Leydig &#xC138;&#xD3EC;&#xB85C; &#xC81C;&#xD55C; &#xD588;&#xB2E4;. PCNA &#xC131;&#xC801; &#xC131;&#xC219;&#xAE4C;&#xC9C0; &#xB192;&#xC740; &#xC720;&#xC9C0;. &#xC138;&#xADE0; &#xC138;&#xD3EC;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; ER&alpha; &#xD575; &#xAC10;&#xC9C0; &#xBC0F; PCNA &#xC591;&#xC131; &#xC138;&#xD3EC;&#xC758; Leydig &#xC138;&#xD3EC;&#xC5D0; &#xC544;&#xCE78;&#xC18C; spermatogonia &#xD655;&#xC0B0;&#xC5D0; &#xC5D0;&#xC2A4;&#xD2B8;&#xB85C;&#xAC90;&#xC758; stimulatory &#xD6A8;&#xACFC;&#xC758; &#xAC00;&#xB2A5;&#xC131;&#xC744; &#xC81C;&#xC548; &#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xC774; &#xD6A8;&#xACFC; &#xBC14;&#xC0AC; &#xD45C;&#xD604; &#xC140; &#xC131;&#xC778; &#xACE0;&#xD658;&#xC5D0; &#xC788;&#xB294; &#xC99D;&#xAC00; &#xC124;&#xBA85;&#xD560; &#xC218; &#xC788;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.

&#xC548; &#xB4DC;&#xB85C; &#xAC90; &#xC218;&#xC6A9; &#xCCB4;, &#xC5D0;&#xC2A4;&#xD2B8;&#xB85C;&#xAC90; &#xC218;&#xC6A9; &#xCCB4; &#xC54C;&#xD30C;&#xC640; &#xBCA0;&#xD0C0;&#xC640; &#xD0DC;&#xC544;, Perinatal Prepubertal, &#xB0A8;&#xBBF8; &#xD3C9;&#xC6D0; Vizcacha Lagostomus &#xB9C9;&#xC2DC;&#xBB34;&#xC2A4; (&#xD3EC;&#xC720;&#xB958;, Rodentia)&#xC758; &#xC131;&#xC778; Testes Aromatase&#xC758; &#xD45C;&#xD604;.

Los andr&oacute;genos y receptor de andr&oacute;genos juegan un papel cr&iacute;tico en la espermatog&eacute;nesis y la fertilidad en los mam&iacute;feros, y los estr&oacute;genos y sus receptores contribuyen a la regulaci&oacute;n de la funci&oacute;n testicular a trav&eacute;s de la iniciaci&oacute;n y el mantenimiento de la espermatog&eacute;nesis y la c&eacute;lula de germen de la divisi&oacute;n y la supervivencia. Sin embargo, resultados de diferentes especies son a&uacute;n muy lejos de establecer una comprensi&oacute;n clara de estos receptores en los diferentes tipos celulares del test&iacute;culo. Hemos analizado la expresi&oacute;n del receptor de andr&oacute;genos, estr&oacute;genos receptores &alpha; y &beta; y aromatasa prote&iacute;na por inmunohistoqu&iacute;mica y PCR en tiempo real, en relaci&oacute;n con la proliferaci&oacute;n, seguida por la expresi&oacute;n del ant&iacute;geno nuclear de proliferaci&oacute;n celular (PCNA) e identidad germinal prote&iacute;na VASA, en test&iacute;culos fetales, perinatales, prep&uacute;beres y adultas de Lagostomus maximus, un roedor con proliferaci&oacute;n de la c&eacute;lula de germen sostenido y un n&uacute;mero creciente de OCT-4-expresi&oacute;n gonocytes en el ovario en desarrollo. Expresi&oacute;n de AR se restringi&oacute; a las c&eacute;lulas de Leydig y c&eacute;lulas peritubular antes de la madurez sexual, momento en el que tambi&eacute;n se convirti&oacute; en expres&oacute; en c&eacute;lulas de Sertoli. ER&alpha; y ER&beta; fueron expresados en los t&uacute;bulos semin&iacute;feros y el intersticio, respectivamente, en tanto fetales como prepubertal test&iacute;culos. En los test&iacute;culos adultos, ER&alpha; tanto ER&beta; co-localized en las c&eacute;lulas de Leydig y peritubular. La enzima aromatasa, que convierte a precursores androg&eacute;nicos en estr&oacute;genos, era perceptible en todas las etapas del desarrollo analizadas y se limita a las c&eacute;lulas de Leydig. PCNA se mantuvo alta hasta la madurez sexual. Detecci&oacute;n nuclear ER&alpha; en c&eacute;lulas germinales y AR en las c&eacute;lulas de Leydig en c&eacute;lulas PCNA positivas sugieren la posibilidad de un efecto estimulante de los estr&oacute;genos sobre proliferaci&oacute;n de espermatogonias. Ello podr&iacute;a explicar el aumento que se encuentra en las c&eacute;lulas VASA-expresando en el test&iacute;culo adulto.

Expresi&oacute;n del Receptor de andr&oacute;genos, estr&oacute;genos receptores alfa y Beta y aromatasa Fetal, Perinatal, Prepubertal y test&iacute;culos para adultos de la Vizcacha de llanuras de Am&eacute;rica del sur, Lagostomus maximus (Mammalia, Rodentia).

The South American plains vizcacha, Lagostomus maximus, is recognized as the mammalian species with the highest ovulation rate which can reach as many as 800 ova. This remarkable polyovulation phenomenon was first reported in the 1970s and has remained unchanged in its findings ever since. We conducted an extensive re-evaluation of ovulation in L. maximus by examining natural ovulation, ovulation induced through the administration of exogenous hormones and autologous seminal plasma, while also categorizing the morphological characteristics and maturation stages of the released ova. Our results confirm L. maximus as the foremost polyovulatory mammalian species, albeit with a mean of 154 ± 87, ranging from 29 to 326 oocytes per oestrous cycle. We observed the concurrent presence of spontaneous ovulation, serving as a mechanism to eliminate defective oocytes, alongside induced ovulation, referred to as "euovulation," that promotes the release of cumulus-oocyte complexes suitable for fertilization. In addition, we provide evidence for the involvement of seminal plasma in the process of induced ovulation and show that the "pseudovulation" phenomenon occurring at mid-gestation, which contributes to the formation of secondary corpora lutea, does not entail the release of oocytes into the oviducts. Our analysis also revealed the presence of spontaneous parthenogenetic oocyte activation and subsequent development, which occurred both during oocyte release in the ovulatory phase and within unruptured follicles in the ovary.

Article	Year
Naturally suppressed apoptosis prevents follicular atresia and oocyte reserve decline in the adult ovary of Lagostomus maximus (Rodentia, Caviomorpha). Reproduction (Cambridge, England)\| PubMed ID: 16885538	2006
The ovary of the gestating South American plains vizcacha (Lagostomus maximus): suppressed apoptosis and corpora lutea persistence. Biology of reproduction\| PubMed ID: 18448845	2008
The developing human ovary: immunohistochemical analysis of germ-cell-specific VASA protein, BCL-2/BAX expression balance and apoptosis. Human reproduction (Oxford, England)\| PubMed ID: 18534994	2008
The ovary of Lagostomus maximus (Mammalia, Rodentia): an analysis by confocal microscopy. Biocell : official journal of the Sociedades Latinoamericanas de Microscopia Electronica ... et. al\| PubMed ID: 22128588	2011
Expression of Androgen Receptor, Estrogen Receptors Alpha and Beta and Aromatase in the Fetal, Perinatal, Prepubertal and Adult Testes of the South American Plains Vizcacha, Lagostomus maxim... The Journal of reproduction and development\| PubMed ID: 22813597	2012
Polyovulation in the South American Plains Vizcacha, Revisited: Coexistence of Spontaneous and Induced Ovulation. Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology\| PubMed ID: 40165530	2025

Miguel A. Willis

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