differentiation-newborn-mouse-skin-derived-stem-cells-into-germ-like

Differentiation of Newborn Mouse Skin Derived Stem Cells into Germ-like Cells <em>In vitro</em>

Studying  germ cell formation and differentiation has traditionally been very difficult  due to low cell numbers and their location deep within developing ...

The University of Western Ontario

Children's Health Research Institute

The study of primordial germ cell development in vivo is hampered by their low numbers and inaccessibility. Recent research has shown the ability of embryonic and adult stem cells to differentiate into primordial germ cells and more mature gametes and this generation of germ cells in vitro may be an attractive model for their study. One of the biggest challenges facing in vitro differentiation of stem cells into primordial germ cells is the lack of markers to clearly distinguish the two. As both cell types originate early in embryonic development they share many pluripotent markers such as OCT4, VASA, FRAGILIS, and NANOG. Genome wide microarray profiling has been used to identify transcriptome patterns unique to primordial germ cells. A more thorough analysis of the temporal and quantitative expression of a panel of genes may be more robust in distinguishing these two cell populations. MicroRNAs, short RNA molecules that have been shown to regulate translation through interactions with mRNA transcripts, have also recently come under investigation for the role they may play in pluripotency. Attempts to elucidate key microRNAs responsible for both stem cell and primordial germ cell characteristics have recently been undertaken. Unique microRNAs, either individually or as global profiles, may also help to distinguish differentiated primordial germ cells from stem cells in vitro. This review will examine gene expression and microRNA signatures in stem cells and germ cells as ways to distinguish these closely related cell types.

Stem cells and germ cells: microRNA and gene expression signatures.

L&#39;&eacute;tude du d&eacute;veloppement des cellules germinales primordiales in vivo est entrav&eacute;e par leurs faibles effectifs et l&#39;inaccessibilit&eacute;. Recherches r&eacute;centes ont d&eacute;montr&eacute; la capacit&eacute; des cellules souches embryonnaires et adultes &agrave; se diff&eacute;rencier en cellules germinales primordiales et des gam&egrave;tes plus matures et cette g&eacute;n&eacute;ration de cellules germinales in vitro peuvent &ecirc;tre un mod&egrave;le attrayant pour leur &eacute;tude. Un des plus grands d&eacute;fis la diff&eacute;renciation in vitro des cellules souches en cellules germinales primordiales est l&#39;absence de marqueurs de distinguer clairement les deux. Comme les deux types de cellules sont originaires au d&eacute;but du d&eacute;veloppement embryonnaire, ils partagent de nombreux marqueurs pluripotentes comme OCT4, VASA, FRAGILIS et NANOG. Profilage de microarray large du g&eacute;nome a &eacute;t&eacute; utilis&eacute; pour d&eacute;finir les mod&egrave;les de transcriptome uniques de cellules germinales primordiales. Une analyse plus approfondie de l&#39;expression temporelle et quantitative d&#39;un groupe de g&egrave;nes peut &ecirc;tre plus robuste pour distinguer les populations de ces deux cellules. Micro-ARN, des mol&eacute;cules d&#39;ARN courts qui auraient d&ucirc; &ecirc;tre divulgu&eacute;s pour r&eacute;glementer la traduction gr&acirc;ce &agrave; des interactions avec la transcription de l&#39;ARNm, est venus r&eacute;cemment vis&eacute; par l&#39;enqu&ecirc;te pour le r&ocirc;le qu&#39;ils peuvent jouer dans la pluripotence. Tentatives d&#39;&eacute;lucider les microARN cl&eacute;s responsables de cellules souches et des caract&eacute;ristiques de cellules germinales primordiales ont r&eacute;cemment &eacute;t&eacute; entrepris. MicroARN unique, soit individuellement ou sous forme de profils globales, peut &eacute;galement aide &agrave; distinguer distingue les cellules germinales primordiales in vitro des cellules souches. Cet examen examinera les signatures expression et micro-ARN de g&egrave;ne dans les cellules souches et des cellules germinales comme moyens de distinguer ces types de cellules &eacute;troitement apparent&eacute;es.

Cellules souches et des cellules germinales : microARN et g&egrave;ne signatures d&#39;expression.

Lo studio dello sviluppo delle cellule germinali primordiali in vivo &egrave; ostacolato dai loro numeri bassi e inaccessibilit&agrave;. Recenti ricerche hanno dimostrato la capacit&agrave; delle cellule staminali adulte ed embrionali di differenziarsi in cellule germinali primordiali e gameti pi&ugrave; maturi e questa generazione di cellule germinali in vitro pu&ograve; essere un modello attraente per il loro studio. Una delle pi&ugrave; grandi sfide per la differenziazione in vitro di cellule staminali in cellule germinali primordiali &egrave; la mancanza di marcatori di distinguere chiaramente i due. Come entrambi i tipi di cellule provengono presto nello sviluppo embrionale che condividono molti marcatori pluripotenti come OCT4, VASA, FRAGILIS e NANOG. Genome wide microarray profiling &egrave; stato usato per identificare i modelli transcriptome unici a cellule germinali primordiali. Un&#39;analisi pi&ugrave; approfondita dell&#39;espressione temporale e quantitativa di un pannello di geni pu&ograve; essere pi&ugrave; affidabile nel distinguere queste popolazioni di due cellule. MicroRNA, brevi molecole di RNA che hanno dimostrati di regolare traduzione attraverso interazioni con trascritti di mRNA, anche recentemente &egrave; venuti sotto inchiesta per il ruolo che possono giocare in pluripotenza. Recentemente sono stati intrapresi tentativi per delucidare la chiave microRNA responsabile sia delle cellule staminali e le caratteristiche delle cellule germinali primordiali. Unico microRNA, sia individualmente o come profili globali, pu&ograve; anche aiuto per distinguere differenziato le cellule germinali primordiali dalle cellule staminali in vitro. Questa recensione esaminer&agrave; le firme espressione e microRNA genica in cellule staminali e cellule germinali come modi per distinguere questi tipi di cellule strettamente correlati.

Paul William Dyce

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