experimental-measurement-settling-velocity-spherical-particles

Experimental Measurement of Settling Velocity of Spherical Particles in Unconfined and Confined Surfactant-based Shear Thinning Viscoelastic Fluids

An experimental study is performed to measure the terminal settling velocities of spherical particles in surfactant based shear thinning viscoelastic ...

a-standardized-ex-vivo-porcine-oromucosal-model-for-evaluating

A Standardized <em>Ex Vivo</em> Porcine Oromucosal Model for Evaluating Peptide Fluxes

Oromucosal administration of drugs in films, tablets, lozenges, and other dosage forms provides a convenient systemic administration route for pediatric ...

The University of Texas at Austin

University College Dublin

Peptide therapeutics are important in healthcare owing to their high target specificity, therapeutic efficacy, and relatively low side effect profile. Injections of these agents have improved thetreatment of chronic diseases including autoimmune, metabolic disorders, and cancer. However, their administration via injections can prove a barrier to patient acceptability of treatments. While oral delivery of these molecules is preferable, oral peptide formulations are associated with limited bioavailability due to degradation in the intestine and low epithelial permeability. Buccal administration of peptides is a potential alternative to injections and oral formulations. Similar to the oral route, the buccal route can promote better patient adherence to dosing regimens, along with the added advantages of not requiring restriction on food or drink consumption before and after administration, as well as avoidance of the liver first-pass metabolism. However, like oral, effective buccal absorption of peptides is still challenging due to the high epithelial permeability barrier. We present a multidisciplinary approach to understanding the buccal physiological barrier to macromolecule permeation and discuss how engineered devices may overcome it. Selected examples of buccal devices can facilitate fast and efficient macromolecule absorption through multiple mechanisms including physical disruption of epithelia, convection-based mass transfer, and a combination of physicochemical strategies. Importantly, minimally invasive devices can be self-applied and are associated with the maintenance of the barrier after exposure. We analysed the critical attributes that are required forthe clinical translation of buccal peptide administration devices. These include performance-driven device development, manufacturing features, patient acceptability, and commercial viability.

Devices to overcome the buccal mucosal barrier to administer therapeutic peptides.

Buccal and sublingual mucosae offer highly vascularized, patient-acceptable routes for systemic peptide delivery, providing a promising alternative to peptide injections and conventional oral peptide dosage forms that suffer from enzymatic degradation, limited permeability, and hepatic first-pass metabolism. Despite these advantages, achieving consistent peptide bioavailability from oromucosal dosage forms remain challenging due to salivary washout, enzymatic instability, and the compact, lipid-rich epithelial structure. This review provides a comprehensive overview of formulation strategies developed to overcome these barriers, with an emphasis on the use of permeation enhancers (PEs), mucoadhesive polymers, and multilayer film architectures. Advances in nanoparticle-integrated films are highlighted for their potential to improve peptide stability and mucosal permeation. The review concludes by addressing patient compliance, translational potential, and regulatory perspectives that shape the clinical advancement of peptide-loaded oromucosal films.

Oromucosal films for peptide delivery: formulation strategies using permeation enhancers and polymers.

The buccal route has re-emerged as an alternative non-injectable route for peptide delivery. However, buccal peptide bioavailability is low, necessitating new formulation strategies. Pullulan, a water-soluble carbohydrate polymer, offers potential as a film-forming agent for buccal peptide delivery. Our aim was to co-administer a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) model analogue with an epithelial permeation enhancer, sodium glycodeoxycholate (GDC) in a bilayer film using a pullulan-based mucoadhesive layer. A pullulan-carboxymethyl cellulose mucoadhesive layer was selected, along with a backing layer made from an ammonio-methacrylate copolymer (Eudragit® RLPO). Physicochemical characterization confirmed the suitability of the pullulan-based film for buccal application. A Hilltop Chamber comprising an adhesive-backed cotton pad identified an optimal GLP-1 RA:GDC ratio for peptide permeation across ex vivo porcine buccal mucosae. 200 mM GDC (94.4 mg/mL) enabled ∼6% flux at 3 h using a donor concentration of 50 mg/mL GLP-1 RA (∼1:2). When these concentrations were incorporated into the prototype pullulan films, GLP-1 RA fluxes across mucosae reached ∼4.5% and ∼2% at 3 h for single mucoadhesive-layer and bilayer films, respectively, without overt tissue damage. Integrating GLP-1 RA and GDC into a pullulan-based bilayer film offers a promising carbohydrate polymer platform for enhancing buccal peptide delivery.

ArticleTotal : 2	Year
Publication title Cited by 15	2014
Publication title	2026

Article	Year
Devices to overcome the buccal mucosal barrier to administer therapeutic peptides. Advanced drug delivery reviews\| PubMed ID: 40174726	2025
Oromucosal films for peptide delivery: formulation strategies using permeation enhancers and polymers. Drug delivery and translational research\| PubMed ID: 41354997	2025
A pullulan-based bilayer film for buccal delivery of a GLP-1 peptide analogue. Carbohydrate polymers\| PubMed ID: 41831981	2026

Sahil Malhotra

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