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Microeconomics
垄断竞争下的短期均衡
垄断竞争下的短期均衡
Business
Microeconomics
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Business Microeconomics
Short-run Equilibrium under Monopolistic Competition

10.5: 垄断竞争下的短期均衡

1,957 Views
01:16 min
October 23, 2024
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

在短期内,在垄断竞争下运营的公司可以达到一种均衡,即它们没有任何动力来改变当前的产出水平或价格。当公司的边际成本 (MC) 等于其边际收入 (MR) 时,就会出现这种均衡,这是利润最大化的条件。价格由此数量的需求曲线决定,由于需求曲线向下倾斜,价格超过边际收入 (MR)。只要价格高于平均可变成本 (AVC),公司就会继续运营。

在这种市场结构中,公司可以赚取超常(高于正常)的利润,也可以在短期内产生损失。当价格(由均衡产出的需求曲线决定)高于生产的平均总成本 (ATC) 时,就会出现超常利润。相反,如果价格低于 ATC,公司就会蒙受损失。这些结果是可能的,因为产品差异化为公司创造了市场力量,导致需求曲线弹性降低。

然而,短期内的超常利润会吸引新公司进入市场,从而加剧竞争。随着时间的推移,这个入口使每家公司面临的需求曲线向左移动,使它们更具弹性并压低价格和利润。因此,虽然垄断竞争下的公司在短期内可以享受超常利润或遭受损失,但随着市场竞争的加剧,市场动态在长期内往往会朝着正常利润发展。

在效率方面,公司往往在最低效率规模以下运营,从而导致生产效率低下。此外,由于价格 (P) 大于边际成本 (MC),因此存在分配效率低下,这意味着从社会的角度来看,资源没有以最有效的方式分配。

Transcript

在短期内,垄断竞争中的公司将处于均衡点,这表示利润最大化的产出数量。在这一点上,边际成本等于边际收入。

点 A 标记利润最大化的数量。通过使这个数量与需求曲线保持一致,公司设定了一个产生经济利润的价格。价格和平均成本之间的区域代表经济利润。

如果价格在利润最大化的数量上超过 ATC,该公司就会获得经济利润。如果价格等于 ATC,则公司收支平衡,如果价格低于 ATC,则公司亏损。

当公司赚取经济利润时,它们会吸引新进入者进入市场,从而增加竞争。

随着时间的推移,这种加剧的竞争降低了初始利润,市场走向零经济利润。

因此,从长远来看,公司只有继续创新或差异化产品以保持竞争优势,才能获得经济利润。

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