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JoVE Business
Microeconomics
垄断竞争下的长期均衡
垄断竞争下的长期均衡
Business
Microeconomics
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Business Microeconomics
Long-run Equilibrium under Monopolistic Competition

10.6: 垄断竞争下的长期均衡

1,933 Views
01:25 min
October 23, 2024
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

从长远来看,垄断竞争下的均衡特征是公司经济利润为零,也称为正常利润。这一结果是市场进入和退出自由的结果。当市场上的公司在短期内赚取超常的利润时,有吸引力的回报会吸引新公司进入该行业。这些新进入者加剧了竞争,稀释了对每家现有公司的差异化产品的需求,导致他们的需求曲线向左移动。这个过程一直持续到每家公司的需求曲线与其在产出层面的平均总成本 (ATC) 曲线相切,其中边际收入 (MR) 等于边际成本 (MC),确保没有经济利润。

在这个切点上,公司没有在其 ATC 曲线的最低点运营,这将代表最高效的生产水平和最低的成本。这种情况称为产能过剩。因此,公司设定的价格超过边际成本,这表明商品的生产成本高于完全竞争的市场。这导致了分配效率低下,因为从社会的角度来看,资源没有得到最佳分配。如果公司开始亏损,则相反的过程随之而来:公司退出市场,减少竞争,并允许剩余的公司增加其市场份额。

只有当公司没有进一步的进入或退出时,才能达到这种动态均衡,这表明市场状况稳定><。
重要的是要注意,虽然从长远来看,公司的经济利润为零,但它们仍然赚取会计利润。在这种市场结构中,产品差异化和广告的持续存在反映了公司之间正在进行的非价格竞争,以保持其市场份额并可能赚取短期利润。该模型有助于解释许多零售和服务行业的行为,在这些行业中,我们观察到持续的产品差异化努力以及公司的频繁进出。

Transcript

在垄断竞争中,公司达到边际收入等于边际成本的均衡。在这里,公司可以自由进入和退出。

从长远来看,新公司被短期利润所吸引进入市场。这增加了竞争,导致对现有公司产品的需求减少。需量曲线向左移动,直到与平均 ATC 曲线相切。此时,经济利润变为零,并实现了长期均衡。

零经济利润意味着公司承担所有成本,包括正常的投资回报。

此均衡点位于 ATC 最小值的左侧,表明商品不是以最低成本生产的。在这里,价格超过边际成本。

相反,如果公司亏损,它们将退出,减少供应并推高价格,直到剩余公司实现收支平衡。

当没有公司有动力进入或退出时,就会实现长期均衡,因为所有公司的经济利润都为零。

这确保了虽然公司支付了成本,但它们没有以最高效率生产,并且价格仍然高于边际成本。

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