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Microeconomics
寡头垄断及其不公平做法
寡头垄断及其不公平做法
Business
Microeconomics
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Business Microeconomics
Oligopoly and its Unfair Practices

11.4: 寡头垄断及其不公平做法

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01:25 min
October 23, 2024
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

寡头垄断是指市场力量集中在少数实体手中,可能会导致不公平的战略,从而破坏竞争格局并降低经济效率。

寡头垄断中的不公平做法会扭曲市场的自然竞争力量,导致消费者受到伤害。此类做法通常包括价格固定、市场分割、串通、掠夺性定价和产品搭售。

价格垄断涉及公司同意以高于竞争均衡的固定价格出售,实际上是共同垄断。产量限制通过限制供应来人为地抬高价格。当公司划分领土以减少竞争时,就会发生市场共享,每个公司都表现为地方垄断。围标涉及公司串通确定公开招标程序的获胜者,破坏了竞争性招标机制。

当寡头垄断中的公司秘密同意合作而不是竞争时,就会发生串通,这通常会导致更高的价格和更少的消费者选择。

掠夺性定价涉及将价格设定为低于平均可变成本以将竞争对手赶出市场,目的是在取得支配地位后提高价格。

当一家公司对一种产品具有市场支配力,并以购买另一种不具有市场支配力的产品为条件销售该产品时,就会发生产品搭售。这会限制消费者的选择并降低市场竞争力。

了解这些策略对于旨在维护竞争市场的监管机构至关重要。消费者倡导并选择支持从事公平竞争的公司,从而影响市场实践同样重要。这种做法可用于利用从一个市场到另一个市场的市场力量。

Transcript

寡头垄断是一种由少数公司主导的市场结构,对公平竞争和消费者福利构成挑战。串通、价格垄断、市场分割、掠夺性定价和搭售等做法与这种市场结构有关。

串通涉及竞争公司之间的秘密合作以影响市场状况。例如,主要产油国共同努力,通过欧佩克控制油价。

价格垄断是公司就具体价格达成一致的另一种做法,例如涉及 LG 和三星等公司的 LCD 面板案。

其次,当竞争对手同意划分领土时,就会发生市场划分,正如在航空业中观察到的那样,航空公司纵路线和价格。

掠夺性定价是指设定低价以消除竞争,Uber 与旧金山出租车公司 Flywheel 之间的法律纠纷就证明了这一点。

最后,搭售涉及将两种产品一起销售,其中一种产品不能单独销售,就像 Microsoft 将 Internet Explorer 包含在 Windows 中时所见。

这些做法阻碍了竞争,导致价格上涨、选择有限和创新减少。

Key Terms and Definitions

  • Oligopoly - Concentration of market power among a few entities.
  • Price-Fixing - Firms agree to sell at a set price over competitive equilibrium.
  • Market Division - Firms divide territories to reduce competition.
  • Collusion - Firms secretly agree to work together leading to higher prices.
  • Predatory Pricing - Setting prices low to drive competitors out, then raising prices.

Learning Objectives

  • Define Oligopoly – Explain the concentration of market power (e.g., Oligopoly).
  • Contrast Price-Fixing vs Market Division - Explain key differences in these unfair practices (e.g., setting prices over competitive equilibrium vs dividing territories).
  • Explore Examples of Collusion – Describe its effect on consumers (e.g., leading to higher prices).
  • Explain Methods of Predatory Pricing – Describe how it eliminates competition.
  • Apply in Context of Market Regulation – Discuss how understanding these strategies is vital for market regulators.

Questions that this video will help you answer

  • What is an oligopoly and how does it disrupt the competitive landscape?
  • What are some unethical strategies used in an oligopoly?
  • What is predatory pricing and how does it affect the market?

This video is also useful for

  • Regulators – Helps foresee market disruptions and establish proactive measures.
  • Economists – Provides insight into market dynamics and pricing strategies.
  • Business Students – Offers a contextual understanding of oligopoly and its impacts.
  • Consumer Advocacy Groups – Helps foresee market disruptions and unfair pricing structures.

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