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JoVE Business
Microeconomics
混合策略
混合策略
Business
Microeconomics
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Business Microeconomics
Mixed Strategies

18.12: 混合策略

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01:22 min
February 18, 2025
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

在博弈论中,混合策略指的是博弈者从一组可用选项中随机选择他们的行动。这种方法与纯策略形成了对比,纯策略中的博弈者会确定地选择一种特定的行动。在没有纯策略均衡的情况下,混合策略就会变得有意义。

当博弈者采用的策略能够使得在给定其他人的策略的情况下,没有人能够通过单方面地改变自己的策略而受益时,就会出现混合策略纳什均衡。在这种均衡中,每个博弈者的策略都是对其他博弈者的最佳反应。

以石头剪刀布博弈为例,博弈者可以在三个选项之间进行选择:石头、布或剪刀。在这个博弈中,石头胜过剪刀,剪刀胜过布,布胜过石头。如果两个博弈者都做出了相同的选择,就会出现平局。由于每个选择都能够被反击,因此不存在占主导地位的举动,从而导致不会出现纯策略纳什均衡。

然而,这里存在着一个混合策略纳什均衡,其中每个博弈者都能够按照相等的概率(各三分之一)来选择石头、剪刀或布。这种随机策略确保了不可预测性,同时保持了平衡,因为没有博弈者能够预见对方的行动。

这种均衡说明了混合策略通过中和博弈者之间的直接反击来稳定博弈的方式。

Transcript

玩家通常会选择一种纯粹的策略,他们确定地选择特定的行动。然而,并非所有游戏都允许纯粹的策略,导致玩家通过从可用动作中随机选择来采用混合策略。

考虑一个点球场景。踢球者可以向左或向右踢。

守门员可以向左或向右俯冲。如果踢球者和守门员选择相同的方向,则守门员获胜。否则, kicker 赢。

收益矩阵显示了结果。

这种情况导致没有纯策略纳什均衡。这是因为没有一套策略,两个玩家同时选择对对方选择的最佳回应。

在这里,游戏有一个混合策略的纳什均衡,当每个玩家在 50% 的时间里选择左或右。

这种随机性确保任何玩家都无法预测或获得优势,因为两种选择的可能性相同。

通过随机选择,踢球者和守门员的动作都不可预测,这意味着没有玩家有理由从这种策略切换,因为它不会给对手带来优势。

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