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JoVE Business
Microeconomics
不确定性和预期价值
不确定性和预期价值
Business
Microeconomics
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Business Microeconomics
Uncertainty and Expected Value

20.1: 不确定性和预期价值

202 Views
01:23 min
March 17, 2025
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

人们面临着不确定的情况。当未来结果未知并受机会或外部因素影响的情况下,就会出现不确定性。大学生将来毕业后可能会找到一份高薪工作,或者长期失业。 

另一个不确定性的例子是大学篮球队参加冠军赛的最后一场比赛。球队要么赢得锦标赛的最后一场比赛并获得奖金,要么输球一无所获。

结果是不确定事件的潜在结果。例如,在篮球锦标赛中,结果是赢得比赛和冠军,或者同时输掉比赛和冠军。 

Payoffs 表示与每个结果相关的值。假设该团队赢了,奖金为 10,000 美元,输了,奖金为 6,000 美元。因此,此示例中的收益为 10,000 USD 和 6,000 USD。

概率量化了在不确定情况下出现不同结果的可能性。例如,假设大学队赢得决赛的概率为 0.5,输掉决赛的概率为 0.5。

期望值是评估不确定情况的有用工具。它代表所有可能结果的平均收益,按其概率加权。它是通过将每个收益的乘积及其相关概率相加来计算的。它表示为:

期望值 = (P1×X1) + (P2×X2)

其中 P1 和 P2 是两个结果的概率,X1 和 X2 是它们对应的收益。

预期收入,即对大学团队预期收入的估计,是

(0.5×10,000 美元)+(0.5×6,000 美元)= 8,000 美元

。这种分析有助于在不确定性下做出决策。

Transcript

人们会面临不确定的情况。 

例如,Nicole 的经理告诉她,如果公司表现良好,她将获得更高的奖金,如果公司业绩一般,她将获得较低的奖金。

结果是在不确定情况下可能的结果。对于 Nicole 来说,这些是更高或更低的奖金,具体取决于公司的业绩。

Payoffs 表示与每个结果相关的值。对于 Nicole,较高奖金的回报为 10,000 美元,较低奖金的回报为 5,000 美元。

概率是衡量在不确定情况下特定结果发生的可能性的指标。例如,假设公司表现良好或平均的概率均为 0.5。

期望值的计算方法是将每个收益乘以其发生的概率,然后将加权收益相加。

此处,期望值是 10,000 美元收益的乘积,加上它的 0.5 概率加上 5,000 美元收益和 0.5 概率的乘积,得到 7,500 美元。

Key Terms and Definitions

  • Uncertainty - Situation wherein unknown future outcomes are majorly influenced by chance or exterior factors.
  • Outcome - Possible result originated from uncertain situations.
  • Payoff - Value attached to the outcomes.
  • Probability - Statistical assessment of the likelihood of different consequences in uncertain conditions.
  • Expected Value - Average payoff throughout all possible outcomes, addressed in ratio by their likelihood of occurrence.

Learning Objectives

  • Define Uncertainty – Comprehend its occurrence through different scenarios (e.g., student's job chances post graduation).
  • Contrast Outcome vs Payoff – Distinguish between the two in terms of value and the final result (e.g., championship game).
  • Explore Examples – Demonstrate how uncertainty plays out in real-world scenarios (e.g., basketball championship).
  • Explain Probability – Understand its role in determining outcomes.
  • Apply Expected Value in Context – Describe how it helps in making decisions under uncertainty.

Questions that this video will help you answer

  • What is uncertainty and how does it affect outcomes?
  • How does a payoff differ from an outcome in an uncertain situation?
  • How does probability impact the expected value?

This video is also useful for

  • Students – Gain insight into how uncertainty plays out in various spheres of life.
  • Educators – Offers a framework for making complex statistical concepts relatable.
  • Researchers – Can assess decisions and behaviors under uncertainty.
  • Decision Makers – Helps in decision-making process considering the various uncertain factors.

Explore More Videos

不确定性 期望值 结果 收益 概率 决策 大学生 篮球锦标赛 获胜概率 平均收益 风险评估 财务评估

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