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Microeconomics
预期收益、预期效用和风险厌恶 II
预期收益、预期效用和风险厌恶 II
Business
Microeconomics
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Business Microeconomics
Expected Income, Expected Utility, and Risk Aversion II

20.4: 预期收益、预期效用和风险厌恶 II

115 Views
01:19 min
March 17, 2025
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

John 正在评估一家公司的工作机会,而这家公司的收入是不确定的。如果公司表现良好,John 将获得 81,000 美元的年收入 ;否则,他将获得 49,000 美元。假设任何一种结果的几率相等,为每个结果分配 0.5 的概率。这导致预期收入为 65,000 美元。他的决策受到收入边际效用递减的影响。 

John 根据其效用评估他的选项。与预期收入不同,预期效用考虑了风险偏好。预期效用的计算方法是可能收入的效用值之和,并按它们各自的概率加权。 

预期效用 = (P1×U1) + (P2×U2)

其中 P1 和 P2 是两个结果的概率,U1 和 U2 是它们对应的效用值。

对于 John,

  • 如果公司表现良好,他的收入将是 81,000 美元,概率为 0.5,对应的效用值为 9 个单位。
  • 如果公司表现不佳,他的收入将为 49,000 美元,概率为 0.5,相应的效用值为 7 个单位。

因此,John 的预期效用是 (0.5×9) 个单位 +(0.5×7) 个单位 = 8 个单位

< style="margin-left:0cm;">但是,John 可以实现 8 个单位的相同效用,保证收入为 64,000 美元。这反映了他对确定性而不是风险的偏好,即使在不确定的情况下预期收入更高。 

预期收入 65,000 美元与保证收入 64,000 美元之间的差额代表 John 的风险溢价——1,000 美元。这是他愿意放弃的金额,以消除不确定性并确保有保证的结果。John 对保证收入的偏好突出了他厌恶风险的本性,并展示了边际效用递减如何影响他的决定。

Transcript

Neil 有一份收入不确定的工作机会。他的预期收入为 65,000 美元。收入的边际效用递减影响了他的偏好。

为了理解这一点,计算了预期效用,即他可能的收入的效用值之和,按它们各自的概率加权。

如果 Neil 赚到 81,000 美元,他的效用就是 9 个单位。这乘以它的概率 0.5。

如果 Neil 赚 49,000 美元,他的效用就是 7 个单位。这乘以它的概率 0.5。

加上这些,Neil 的预期效用是 8 个单位。

但是,Neil 可以实现 8 个单位的相同效用,保证收入为 64,000 美元,如效用收入图所示。 

Neil 更喜欢 64,000 美元的保证收入,而不是更高但不确定的 65,000 美元预期收入,这表明他厌恶风险。

风险溢价是 Neil 愿意从他的预期收入中牺牲的金额,在本例中为 1,000 美元,以消除他收入的不确定性。

Key Terms and Definitions

  • Expected Income - The probable income considering probabilities of different outcomes.
  • Utility - A measure of the satisfaction received from a particular choice.
  • Expected Utility - The average utility of outcomes weighted by their probabilities.
  • Risk Aversion - The preference to avoid risk and choose certainty.
  • Risk Premium - The amount a person is willing to forgo for the certainty.

Learning Objectives

  • Define Expected Income – Explain how to calculate it (e.g., expected income).
  • Contrast Expected Income vs Utility – Explain the differences (e.g., risk averse).
  • Explore Expected Utility – Describe its relevance to decision-making (e.g., risk premium).
  • Explain Risk Preference – Briefly describe how risk aversion influences decisions.
  • Apply Risk Premium – Understand its effect on a guaranteed income scenario.

Questions that this video will help you answer

  • What is expected income and how to calculate it?
  • What does expected utility indicate about a person's risk preference?
  • How does a risk premium influence the choice between uncertain and guaranteed income?

This video is also useful for

  • Students – Learn how risk aversion impacts income-related decision-making.
  • Educators – Provides a clear understanding of expected income and utility in the decision-making process.
  • Researchers – Relevance for research study in decision-making and risk assessment methods.
  • Economic Enthusiasts – Offer insights into risk evaluation and preference.

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