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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.
货币可以根据是否具有内在价值分为两种类型:商品货币和法定货币。
商品货币既作为交换媒介,又具有内在价值。它不仅充当交换媒介,还具有其他用途。过去曾作为商品货币使用的例子包括黄金、海贝和羽毛。然而,这类货币通常面临实际的局限性。例如,黄金在大量携带时可能会比较困难。
与此相对,纸币等法定货币则不具有内在价值。它本身并不具备任何内在价值。法定货币体系依赖于公众对其的信任,而这种信任通过政府的监管得到了保障。人们接受法定货币的关键原因在于,它被政府宣告为法定支付手段,即它必须被接受为支付所有债务的有效形式,无论是公共债务还是私人债务。因此,尽管法定货币在经济之外并无其他用途,但它仍作为可靠的交换媒介和价值储存手段发挥作用。
法定货币的一大优势在于其灵活性。与受制于其所代表的实物资源实际供应量的商品货币不同,法定货币可以由中央银行进行管理。这种灵活性使得货币供应量能够根据经济需求进行调整。
货币可以根据其是否具有内在价值来分类。
商品货币作为交换媒介起作用,同时因其其他用途而保持价值——这被称为内在价值。
例如,黄金曾经被用作货币。即使黄金不被用来购买物品,它依然具有价值。人们把它当作其他用途,比如制作首饰。
然而,像黄金这样的商品货币可能较重,携带起来不方便。
而法定货币则没有内在价值。
例如,美元纸币除了印刷纸张外没有其他价值。
那么,为什么公众会接受它作为支付手段和价值储存?
这是因为政府将其定为法定货币。
美元上标有“此票据为所有公共和私人债务的法定货币”。这意味着必须接受该货币作为债务的合法支付。此外,人们相信中央银行会负责任地管理货币供应,这增强了他们接受法定货币的信心。
法定货币的一个显著优势是中央银行可以根据当前经济状况扩大或收缩其供应量。
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