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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.
部分准备金银行制度是一种银行只保留部分存款作为准备金,其余部分用于放贷的制度。为了理解这一制度的运作方式,假设一个假想的经济体。假定全部货币供应量都存入银行以作保管。每家银行保留一部分存款作为准备金,并将剩余部分贷出。
在银行的资产负债表中,存款被记录为负债,因为银行对存款人有偿还义务。资产方则记录准备金和贷款。当银行贷出部分存款时,银行仍然负有全额偿还存款人的责任。这是因为存款人可以随时提取其全部存款。
银行向借款人提供贷款。一旦借款人获得贷款,并计划将贷款用于未来的支出,他们会将贷款存入另一家银行进行保管。每笔新的存款会被接收银行作为负债记录,并保留一部分作为准备金,剩余部分再次贷出。通过这种方式,存款在整个银行体系中不断派生和增加。
这种银行只保留部分存款作为准备金的制度被称为部分准备金银行制度。
想象一个经济体,中央银行创造了100美元的货币,我们称之为货币基础。让我们看看它如何带来更大的总货币供应量。公众被认为将所有货币存入银行。
假设每家银行持有10%的存款作为准备金,剩余部分放贷。储备与存款比率为10%。
公众在A银行存入100美元。银行保留10美元作为储备金,并借出90美元的新贷款。银行A有100美元的存款作为负债,其资产包括10美元的准备金和90美元的贷款。虽然借出了90美元,但银行账面上仍保留了全部100美元的存款作为负债。
那笔90美元的银行贷款的接受者并不会持有该货币。当他们准备用贷款进行未来的购买时,会将资金存入银行B。总货币供应量是190美元:银行A存款100美元,银行B存款90美元。
这种银行只将部分存款保留在准备金上的制度,称为部分准备金银行制。
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