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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.
部分准备金银行制度是一种银行只需将其存款的一部分作为准备金,其余部分可以用于贷款的制度。即使银行将存款用于发放贷款,它仍然需要向存款人偿还全部存款金额。因此,原始存款始终是银行资产负债表上的负债。银行的资产包括其准备金和发放的贷款。
随着贷款的发放并将其再存入其他银行,这形成了一个循环:每家银行都将收到存款的一部分贷出,同时将剩余部分保留为准备金。
这一重复过程导致经济中的货币供应量超过原始存款的数额。例如,如果一家银行将一部分资金贷出,而借款人将这笔贷款存入另一家银行,那么第二家银行也会将一部分存款作为准备金,并将剩余部分贷出。如果这一过程在多家银行之间持续进行,其累积效应会显著增加经济中的货币供应总量。
这种扩张的程度取决于存款准备金率——即银行必须保留作为准备金的存款比例。较低的存款准备金率意味着货币供应量的潜在增长更大。计算由初始存款引发的总货币供应量的公式是:初始存款金额乘以存款准备金率的倒数。例如,如果初始存款为一百美元,存款准备金率为 10%,则货币供应量将达到一千美元。这个模型有助于解释货币创造的过程,但它过于简化,无法涵盖现实生活中的复杂情况。
在部分准备金银行制中,银行将部分存款作为准备金持有,剩余部分放贷。
回想一个假设的经济体,银行A从其100美元存款中借出了90美元。银行B保留9美元作为准备金,并放出81美元的新贷款。
这种贷款和再存入的流程在多家银行之间持续进行。
在我们的例子中,准备金-存款比为10%。
计算总货币供应量变化的公式为:
准备金的初始变动×(1 / 准备金-存款比)。准备金的初始变化代表了向银行体系注入新的准备金。
在这种情况下,准备金的初始变动为100美元,准备金与存款比率为10%。总货币供应量的变化是1000美元。表达式1除以准备金-存款比率,称为简单货币乘数。它告诉我们,每增加一美元新储备时,货币供应量可以增加的最大金额。
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