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货币乘数模型解释了货币供应量与货币基础之间的关系。货币供应量,记作 M,包括公众持有的现金 C 和其在银行的存款 D。货币基础,记作 B,是指公众持有的现金与银行持有的准备金 R 之和。因此,M = C + D,而 B = C + R。
这些变量之间的关系突显了货币供应量不仅依赖于货币基础,还与两个关键比率有密切关系:现金-存款比率 (cr) 和准备金-存款比率 (rr)。现金-存款比率反映了公众持有现金相对于银行存款的偏好程度。准备金-存款比率则显示了银行为支撑存款而保留的准备金比例。两个比率共同影响货币供应总量,而货币供应总量可以表示为货币基础与货币乘数的乘积。
货币乘数为:1 加现金-存款比率,再除以现金-存款比率与准备金-存款比率之和。该公式展示了每单位货币基础所能产生的货币供应量。
在货币乘数模型中,货币供应量(以M表示)包括由公众持有的货币(以C表示)和银行中由公众持有的存款(以D表示)。
请记住,货币基础B是公众持有的货币和银行持有的储备R的总和。
所以,M等于C加D,B等于C加R。
要了解货币供应量与货币基础的关系,可以将第一个方程除以第二个。
接着,将右侧的分子和分母除以D。
这里,C和D的商代表货币存款比(cr)。
R和D的商代表储备-存款比或rr。
现在,将 B 带到方程的右侧来求解 M。
由此可见,货币供应量M与货币基础、货币存款比率和准备金存款比率相关。
这个分数——即货币存款比和1的和,除以货币存款比和准备金-存款比的和——称为货币乘数。
它显示了每美元货币基础能创造多少货币供应量。
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