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Macroeconomics
美联储与货币供应量III
美联储与货币供应量III
Business
Macroeconomics
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Business Macroeconomics
Federal Reserve and Money Supply I

5.14: 美联储与货币供应量III

148 Views
01:18 min
November 14, 2025
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

公开市场操作,简称 OMO,是现代货币政策中的关键工具,使 Fed 等中央银行能够精准调控流动性与利率。通过购买和出售政府债券,Fed 可以调整银行体系中的准备金水平,从而将短期利率引导至目标水平。这些操作由纽约联储在联邦公开市场委员会(简称 FOMC)的指导下进行,是 Fed 政策工具组合中最常用且最具灵活性的组成部分。

流动性控制机制

当美联储在公开市场上购买政府债券时,它将资金划入出售银行的准备金账户,从而增加货币基础。这一流动性注入增强了银行的贷款能力,可能刺激经济活动并降低短期利率。反之,出售政府债券会从银行体系中提取准备金,限制贷款,并对利率施加上行压力。这一双重作用使 OMO 能够根据经济状况的需要,既能刺激经济,也能为经济降温。

OMO 通过联邦基金市场进行,银行在该市场进行隔夜准备金借贷。Fed 通过影响准备金供应,间接管理联邦基金利率,而联邦基金利率是整个经济体中其他利率的基准。

超越传统 OMO:危机应对与量化宽松

尽管 OMO 通常集中于短期工具,但在经济危机时期,美联储已扩展其操作范围,涵盖大规模资产购买——即量化宽松,简称 QE。与常规的 OMO 不同,量化宽松包括购买长期证券,以压低长期利率、促进投资并支持更广泛的金融稳定。这一策略在 2008 年金融危机和 2020 年 COVID-19 疫情引发的经济衰退期间至关重要,因为在此期间,传统的利率工具已经没有足够空间进一步下调。

OMO 仍然至关重要,不仅因为它直接影响银行准备金和利率,还因为它能有效传递中央银行的政策立场、塑造市场预期,并确保金融市场的有序运作。

Transcript

美联储(Fed)通过三大工具控制美国货币供应:所需的准备金率、贴现率和公开市场作。

联邦储备体系中的银行采用部分准备金制度,要求的准备金率是它们必须持有的存款百分比——无论是在他们的金库中还是美联储中——且不能借出。

例如,如果比率为10%,100美元的存款意味着银行必须持有10美元,可以借出90美元。

较低的准备金率赋予银行更多放贷自由,从而增加货币供应量。更高的比率限制了此类贷款,减缓货币供应的扩张。

2020年3月,针对新冠疫情引发的经济危机,美联储将大多数存款机构的准备金率降至零。此举旨在释放更多资本用于贷款和支持经济活动。

此后,储备要求在日常货币政策中的作用有限。

Explore More Videos

公开市场作 个人一户市场管理(OMO) 联邦储备 货币政策 政府证券 流动性 利率 联邦公开市场委员会 联邦公开市场委员会(FOMC) 银行系统准备金

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