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从贷款角度看,超额准备金通常被视为闲置资金,但它在确保金融稳定、管理风险和应对经济不确定性方面发挥着至关重要的作用,尤其是在经济不确定性或监管变革时期。
超越流动性缓冲的战略价值
超额准备金不仅仅是流动性缓冲;它是银行的一项深思熟虑且明确的战略决策。经济条件稳定时,贷款通常会带来更高的回报。然而,在金融波动或信用风险加剧的时期,银行可能更愿意将超额资金存放在中央银行。这一选择反映了流动性偏好原则,即机构优先考虑对安全、即时资金的获取,而非潜在的利润。
监管政策的变化也会影响这种行为。例如,2008 年后根据巴塞尔协议 III 引入的金融改革,如流动性覆盖比率,其英文缩写为 LCR,要求银行维持一定数量的高质量流动资产(包括准备金),以履行短期债务义务。因此,持有超额准备金已成为现代银行业一个长期而结构性的特征。
准备金利率作为货币政策的工具
金利率是货币政策地板框架中的关键政策工具,其英文缩写为 IORB。Fed 通过调整 IORB 利率,有效地设定了短期利率的下限。当 IORB 较高时,银行有更大的动力将准备金存放在 Fed,从而减少信贷供给,有助于抑制通货膨胀。相反,较低的 IORB 利率会使贷款更加具有吸引力,鼓励银行向经济注入流动性。
这一机制使中央银行能够精准而灵活地影响银行间贷款利率水平和整体货币状况——尤其是在金融体系准备金过剩的情况下。因此,超额准备金已经从被动的流动性缓冲工具转变为积极的货币政策实施工具。
超额准备金是指商业银行持有超过任何规定最低限额的资金。截至2025年底,美国对此要求为零,因此银行持有大量准备金还有其他重要原因。
这通常是预防措施。通过保持高流动性资金,银行可以为突发事件做好准备,比如大额客户取款。
此外,在经济不确定时期,银行可能担心借款人违约,从而让银行觉得保留储备更为安全。
在美国,这些超额准备金通常存入联邦储备,银行通过准备金余额利息(IORB)从中获得利息。美联储将IORB利率作为影响经济状况的关键工具。
通过提高IORB利率,美联储鼓励银行保留准备金而非放贷,从而减缓经济活动。
另一方面,降低IORB利率使银行保留过剩准备金的吸引力降低,从而激励银行增加放贷,促进经济刺激。
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