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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.
银行在企业中独树 一帜,因为它使用所有者资金、客户存款和借款的混合运作。虽然存款是最常见的资金来源,但每家银行都必须从其所有者提供的初始资金开始——即银行 资本 或 股东权益。这笔资金不仅仅是启动时的必要条件;它也是衡量银行财务健康状况的重要指标。
当银行发放贷款、购买政府证券或投资建筑物和技术时,它们会结合资本和借款资金。如果某些资产贬值——例如贷款变差——损失首先由银行资本吸收。这种设计保护了存款人和其他债权人,因为他们的债权在分配给股东之前就已结清。如果损失超过可用资本,银行将破产,促使监管介入。
为了保障银行体系,联邦储备等监管机构会设定最低资本要求,通常以 资本比率表示。其中一个关键指标是 普通股权Tier 1(CET1)比率,它将高质量资本——主要是普通股和留存收益——与风险加权资产进行比较。更高的资本比率为应对意外损失提供了更强的缓冲。
如果银行资本低于所需门槛,监管机构可以采取纠正措施,如停止股息支付、限制资产增长或要求资本恢复计划。这些措施旨在维护信心,维护金融体系的稳定,并保护存款人免受损失。
本质上,银行资本既是银行运营的基础,也是抵御破产的第一道防线。
银行并非仅仅从客户存款开始。它需要来自所有者的资金才能启动。这被称为银行资本或所有者权益。
让我们考虑一个假设的例子。银行由所有者出资成立。它还会从客户那里收取存款,并可能向其他银行或投资者借款。所有这些资金都用于创造资产。
这些资产包括发行的贷款、购买的政府证券和建设的实体基础设施。
现在,想象一下,如果借款人无法偿还贷款,这些资产中的一些价值会下降。
银行仍然欠存款人和贷款人钱。但损失首先由所有者的资本来吸收。如果损失较小,银行可以继续正常运营。但如果资金足够大以消除资本,银行就会破产——意味着其资产不足以偿还负债。
为防止此类事件发生,美联储密切监控资本水平。如果银行资本过低,美联储可以阻止股东的股息支付、限制高风险贷款,或要求制定恢复资本的计划。
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