Name: yoga expectations and the placebo effect
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T06:34:41.000Z
Duration: 6 min 58 s
Channel: JoVE

1. 定义关键变量。
<ol>
	<li>建立瑜伽相关信念的操作性定义（即，对研究者所指概念的明确描述）。
	<ol>
		<li>在本实验中，瑜伽相关信念是指参与者关于瑜伽及其潜在益处的先入之见被激活，这种激活通过让参与者完成一系列基础拉伸动作实现，且参与者被告知这些动作即为瑜伽。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>建立创造力的操作性定义（即，对研究者所指概念的明确描述）。
	<ol>
		<li>在本实验中，创造力被定义为参与者能想到的衣夹的替代用途的数量。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. 开展研究。
<ol>
	<li>在实验室与学生/参与者会面。</li>
	<li>向参与者提供知情同意书，简要介绍研究内容（瑜伽与创造力）、实验流程、潜在风险与益处说明、随时退出实验的权利，以及在感到不适时获取帮助的方式。</li>
	<li>实施安慰剂瑜伽条件。
	<ol>
		<li>安慰剂是一种本身无活性成分、但被个体相信具有疗效的物质或程序。安慰剂用于检验仅凭“相信某事物有效”这一信念本身能在多大程度上引起因变量的变化。</li>
		<li>告知参与者：“我们与当地医院健康中心合作，正在测试瑜伽的潜在益处。您可能知道，瑜伽是一种拥有五千年历史的锻炼和拉伸体系，旨在加强并强调身心之间的联系。在本研究中，我将请您完成一系列瑜伽动作。”</li>
		<li>指导参与者进行若干项“瑜伽”拉伸动作（这些动作实际上并不属于真正的瑜伽），每个拉伸动作保持一分钟。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>实施拉伸条件（由另一位参与者演示）。
	<ol>
		<li>告知参与者：“我们与当地医院健康中心合作，正在测试拉伸运动的潜在益处。您可能知道，拉伸是个人健身的重要组成部分。在本研究中，我将请您完成一系列拉伸动作。”</li>
		<li>指导参与者进行若干项拉伸动作，每个拉伸动作保持一分钟。
		<ol>
			<li>这些拉伸动作故意与安慰剂条件中的动作完全相同。除向参与者介绍时的引导语（2.3.2 和 2.4.1）外，拉伸条件下的所有其他环节均应保持一致。</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>向参与者施加因变量测试。
	<ol>
		<li>向参与者提供吉尔福德非常用途任务1，要求其“在接下来的3分钟内，尽可能多地列出衣夹的各种可能用途”。</li>
		<li>提供一张带有编号行线的纸张，供参与者填写答案。
		<ol>
			<li>参见一位参与者的示例列表（图1）。 
			<img alt="回形针的用途；文字示意图；整理、手工、家务任务、工具。" src="/files/ftp_upload/10032/10032fig1.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1761830439000" data-alt="Figure 1"> 
			图1： 衣夹创造性用途的示例列表。</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>向参与者提出开放式后续问题，了解其对瑜伽的看法。例如，您认为瑜伽对身心有何影响（如有）？请确保参与者指出瑜伽与包括创造力/开放性思维在内的身体与心理益处相关。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. 向参与者进行总结说明。
<ol>
	<li> 向参与者说明研究的性质。
	<ol>
		<li>“感谢您参与本研究。本研究旨在探讨一个人是否仅仅通过相信自己在练习瑜伽，就能获得与真正练习瑜伽相同的效果。研究包含两种条件，每种条件均包括一系列基础拉伸动作。然而，其中一组参与者被告知他们正在进行瑜伽练习，而另一组则明确知道自己只是在做基础拉伸。我们假设，认为自己在练习瑜伽的参与者，相较于知道自己仅在进行基础拉伸的参与者，会为回形针提出更多创造性用途。”</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li> 明确解释实验中使用欺骗手段的必要性。
	<ol>
		<li>“现在我们向您说明本研究中所使用的欺骗手段。我们告知参与者，这些身体动作正在与当地健康中心合作进行测试，这一说法并不真实。此外，我们告诉部分参与者他们正在进行瑜伽练习，而实际上所有参与者都只完成了一系列基础拉伸动作。我们采用这种方法，是为了检验人们对瑜伽益处的预期是否足以提升创造力。使用欺骗是必要的，因为我们希望获得参与者自然、真实的行为反应。如果参与者事先了解研究的真实目的和假设，他们可能会刻意采取非自然的行为，试图有意反驳研究者的假设。鉴于欺骗的设计方式，参与者未能意识到自己被欺骗是十分自然的现象。”</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

在研究人员希望测试药物有效性的研究中，使用安慰剂对照条件尤为常见。&#160;
例如，DelBello 及其同事2对300多名被诊断为重度抑郁障碍的青少年开展了一项研究。研究人员将受试者随机分配至使用贴剂组（司来吉兰透皮贴剂系统 [STS] 或 EMSAM®）或使用安慰剂组，持续12周。与第1周的基线测量值相比，治疗组和安慰剂组在抑郁评分上均出现了相似程度的下降。该研究表明，那些仅相信自己接受了治疗（i.e.，安慰剂组）的受试者，其获得的积极治疗效果与实际接受治疗的受试者相当。&#160;
同样，Del Re 及其同事3对 47 项酒精成瘾药物治疗研究进行了荟萃分析。他们发现，安慰剂组总体上表现出显著改善，且在较近期的研究中改善更为明显。当安慰剂给药频率更高、且受试者病情更严重时，改善尤为明显。

研究中的安慰剂

Placebos in Research

来源：<a href="https://www.jove.com/author/Gary_Lewandowski">Gary Lewandowski</a>、Dave Strohmetz 和 Natalie Ciarocco 实验室——蒙茅斯大学

临床研究主要关注治疗手段在应对疾病和病症方面的有效性。此类研究面临的一个挑战是，受试者通常对治疗存在先入为主的信念，尤其是对治疗效果抱有预期。
尽管瑜伽在世界范围内已有数个世纪的实践历史，但在美国，它却是一种相对新兴的健身热潮，据称具有多种益处，其中包括能够提升个体创造力的说法。然而，目前尚不明确这些益处（例如创造力的提升）究竟是瑜伽本身所带来的，还是源于练习者自身的预期心理作用。
本视频展示了一种双组设计，用于检验相信自己在练习瑜伽（但实际上并未练习）的人是否能获得与真正练习瑜伽的人相似的益处。具体而言，本研究探讨是否存在安慰剂效应，即仅仅相信自己在练习瑜伽就能提升创造力。&#160;
心理学研究通常比其他科学领域的研究使用更大的样本量。大量参与者有助于确保所研究的群体得到更好的代表性，并充分考虑到研究人类行为时伴随的误差范围。此外，此类研究的人类参与者通常容易招募，且实验快速、成本低廉，易于重复。在本视频中，我们仅使用一名参与者来演示该实验。然而，如结果所示，为得出本实验的结论，我们共使用了80名参与者（每种条件各40名）。

共使用了80名参与者（在研究人员开展的另一项研究中，每种条件各40名）。如此大量的参与者有助于确保结果反映出准确的平均数值。如果仅使用一两名参与者进行此项研究，结果可能会大不相同，且无法代表更广泛的人群。所报告的数据反映了每种条件下参与者对衣夹创造性用途的平均数量（图2）。
在收集了80人的数据后，采用独立样本t检验来比较安慰剂（相信瑜伽）条件与拉伸条件之间的差异。这个简单的双组实验展示了研究人员如何使用安慰剂条件来检验参与者对治疗有效性的单纯信念是否会影响创造力方面的结果。
<img alt="条形图比较在瑜伽与拉伸条件下，受试者因安慰剂效应产生的创意用途数量。" src="/files/ftp_upload/10032/10032fig2.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1761830439000" data-alt="图 2"> 图 2： 不...

来源：Monmouth大学 Gary Lewandowski、Dave Strohmetz 与 Natalie Ciarocco 实验室

临床研究侧重于……的有效性

安慰剂在临床研究中被广泛应用，并在治疗干预中发挥着重要作用。尽管临床研究依赖于治疗手段对多种疾病和病症的疗效，但受试者往往存在先入为主的想法，这些想法可能影响药物试验的结果。此类信念被称为安慰剂效应。安慰剂效应凸显了知觉以及心理因素在身体健康中的重要性。例如，近年来瑜伽在西方国家作为健身方式的流行程度不断上升，由此产生了关于其对健康与福祉益处的普遍信念，包括瑜伽能够增强创造力的观点。本视频通过一项独特的实验设计，演示如何设计、实施、分析和解释安慰剂反应。本研究旨在检验受试者关于瑜伽可增强创造力的信念，是否会影响他们在拉伸后列举衣夹替代用途时所表现出的创造力。该安慰剂实验采用双组设计，包括安慰剂组和拉伸组。需要注意的是，本实验旨在突出安慰剂效应，因此该拉伸组不应被视为其他实验中的对照组。两组参与者均接受相同的拉伸训练。安慰剂组被告知他们将进行一系列瑜伽动作，而拉伸组则被告知拉伸是个人健身的关键组成部分，且未提及瑜伽。注意：两组之间的唯一区别在于给予参与者的指导语，实际上并未进行任何真正的瑜伽练习。拉伸结束后，要求参与者列出衣夹的其他用途。这一因变量被解释为创造力。相信练习瑜伽能够提升创造力的参与者，应表现出比不相信者更强的安慰剂效应。进行实验前，您需要准备以下物品：知情同意书文件、初始研究目的和内容的副本、一张空白横线纸、书写笔、一个衣夹，以及实验结束后用于解除欺骗说明的关于研究最终性质的副本。实验开始时，在实验室与参与者会面，并讲解实验指导原则。引导所有参与者完成知情同意流程，向他们简要介绍有关瑜伽与创造力的研究描述，并讨论本次实验的整体安排，包括可能存在的风险与益处。将该参与者分配至安慰剂瑜伽组。使参与者相信他或她即将进行一系列瑜伽动作。请注意，参与者实际上并不进行真正的瑜伽动作，仅进行拉伸。一旦参与者被说服其正在进行瑜伽练习，即指导其完成若干“瑜伽”拉伸动作，并保持每个动作1分钟。需告知参与者，他或她可随时退出实验，若感到不适可请求帮助。当该参与者正在拉伸时，将另一位受试者带入实验室，并将其分配至另一实验组，即拉伸对照组。在该参与者签署知情同意书后，告知其本次实验旨在测试拉伸的益处。随后指导该参与者完成若干拉伸动作，并保持每个动作1分钟。请注意，这些拉伸动作与安慰剂组所进行的完全相同。拉伸练习结束后，立即将参与者带至另一房间，提供一张印有编号横线的纸和一支笔。要求参与者在接下来的3分钟内，尽可能多地列出衣夹的各种可能用途。3分钟任务结束后，询问参与者对瑜伽的看法，特别是其在身体与心理方面的益处，包括创造力和开放性思维。实验结束时，对参与者进行解除欺骗说明，解释实验中使用欺骗手段的必要性。在进行?yoga?拉伸后的创造力分析时，需要统计参与者列出的使用衣夹的方法数量。然后通过绘制每种条件下均值的图表，将安慰剂?相信瑜伽?条件与拉伸条件进行比较。在本实验中，安慰剂组列出的创造性使用衣夹的方法数量多于拉伸组。现在您已经了解了一项旨在揭示安慰剂效应程度的实验，接下来让我们看看研究人员如何将安慰剂组作为重要的对照组，用于评估药物的有效性。例如，在药物治疗研究中，受试者会在不知情的情况下被给予一种糖丸——即安慰剂——和一种活性药丸——即药物——并按随机顺序服用。在许多情况下，药物是有效的，并对测量结果产生有益影响；例如，在这项研究中，与服用安慰剂的患者相比，服用抗抑郁药物后，脊髓损伤患者的运动功能得到了恢复。您刚刚观看了 JoVE 关于研究中安慰剂的简介。现在，您应该对如何设计和实施实验、分析结果以及应用该现象有了深入的理解。感谢观看！

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安慰剂的研究

yoga expectations and the placebo effect

Yoga expectations can influence how researchers measure creativity. Clinical research often tests whether a treatment really works for a disorder or illness. A common challenge is that participants may already believe a treatment will help. Those expectations can affect the results and make it harder to tell what the treatment actually did.

Yoga is a good example because it has many claimed benefits in the United States, including improved creativity. But it is not always clear whether yoga itself causes those benefits. The person doing yoga may simply expect to improve. That is why this study compares people who truly do yoga with people who only believe they are doing yoga.

The experiment uses a two-group design. One group performs yoga, and the other group does not actually do yoga but thinks they are. The goal is to see whether creativity improves in the belief-only group. If it does, that would show a placebo effect, which means a benefit that comes from expectation rather than the treatment itself.

Psychological research often uses larger sample sizes than some other sciences. More participants help represent the population more accurately and reduce the margin of error when studying human behavior. Human studies like this are also often easy to repeat, quick to run, and inexpensive. The demonstration shows the procedure with one participant, but the results come from 80 people total, with 40 in each condition.

Yoga Expectations and the Placebo Effect

from theory to design: the role of creativity in designing experiments

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Creative Study Design in Social Psychology

Creative study design helps social psychology researchers test ideas about human thought, emotions, and behavior. Many research questions begin with a theory that suggests a possible explanation for everyday life. Some of those ideas are hard to study directly, so researchers need a careful plan to test them. One example is a theory about Facebook perception. Researchers asked whether a person’s image on Facebook is influenced by the appearance and comments of that person’s Facebook friends.

ethics in psychology research

Psychology Research Ethics and Aggression

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Mundane realism helps lab experiments feel like real life. It is used when researchers want a setting that matches how people normally behave. In some studies, the real world is the best place to observe behavior directly. For example, voting behavior is easier to study by watching people vote. But real-world research is not always ethical or practical. A lab gives researchers more control over the setting. That control helps them identify the exact variables that may influence an outcome. To...

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Psychology research methods are shown through real experiments in this JoVE K12 collection. The pages let high school students watch studies from start to finish. They also show the experiments in their natural setting, inside the actual research process. The collection is useful because experimental psychology can be hard to connect to from a textbook alone. These videos give students exposure to more than a dozen topics they may not otherwise see. They can help bring abstract ideas to life...

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Behavior Clues in Psychological Research

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A simple experiment uses a two-group design to test a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables. In this setup, a researcher compares two groups to see whether one factor changes the outcome. The video follows a research question about how physiological arousal, or excitement, influences perceived attraction. It shows how an idea becomes a testable idea and how a hypothesis is formed. The experiment variables are identified, and experimental conditions and controls are created. The...

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Testing Multiple Conditions in One Study

A multi-group experiment tests three or more conditions of the same independent variable. It lets researchers compare how each condition affects the outcome they measure. In this study, the conditions examine different interethnic ideologies and their effects on feelings about diversity and actions toward an out-group member. The video also shows how to tell levels in a variable apart and how to choose common study conditions. These can include placebo and empty-control conditions, which help...

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Repeated-Measures Study with Counterbalancing

A repeated-measures study uses the same participants in every condition of an experiment. In this design, each person receives every level of the independent variable. A simple example is a candy taste test, where each participant tastes and rates each type of candy. This psychology experiment looks at how motivational messages affect willingness to exert physical effort. The message types include hard work, self-affirmation, outcomes, and positive affect. Each participant reads all four...

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Main Effects and Interactions in Factorial Designs

A factorial design uses two or more independent variables in one experiment. A 2 x 2 factorial design is a common example. It lets students see how more than one factor can shape an outcome at the same time. This experiment uses self-awareness and self-esteem as the two independent variables. It explores whether they affect the ability to decipher nonverbal signals. The design also shows how a factorial experiment differs from other designs and why it can be useful. A key part of this topic...

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Behavioral observation can give a more direct measure of recycling behavior than self-report. Self-report means asking people to describe their feelings, thoughts, or actions. In some cases, participants may not be fully honest. Observing what people actually do can help researchers measure behavior more accurately. This study uses a multi-group experiment to test whether feeling close to others leads to more positive attitudes toward environmental consciousness. Researchers measured the...

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Content Analysis and Reliability in Psychology

Reliability in psychology is important when researchers try to measure something that is hard to quantify. In content analysis, reliability helps show whether the measurement is consistent. The video uses a simple two-group design to show how this works. The example compares two cartoons, SpongeBob SquarePants and Caillou, to ask whether one has more inappropriate content than the other. The transcript also connects this topic to a recent Pediatrics study on 4-year-olds. That study found worse...

placebos in research

Yoga expectations can influence how researchers measure creativity. Clinical research often tests whether a treatment really works for a disorder or illness. A common challenge is that participants may already believe a treatment will help. Those expectations can affect the results and make it harder to tell what the treatment actually did. Yoga is a good example because it has many claimed benefits in the United States, including improved creativity. But it is not always clear whether yoga...

manipulating an independent variable through embodiment

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Embodiment Effects in a Weight Experiment

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Confederates are used in social experiments to help researchers study how people react in a controlled setting. A confederate is a person who seems like a normal participant but follows the researcher’s directions instead. This helps create conditions that feel natural while still keeping the experiment organized. The study shown here uses a two-group design to test imitation. Researchers asked whether participants were more likely to copy a person with more power than a person with similar...

experimental psychology

这个集合提供了一个框架, 观察心理实验是如何嵌入在实际的研究过程中, 从最初的研究设计开始到得出结论在一项研究。

Compare real yoga with belief-only yoga in a two-group study of creativity, and see how placebo effects can influence clinical and psychological research.

Yoga Expectations and the Placebo Effect

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