Name: magma cooling and igneous rock
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T06:34:56.000Z
Duration: 9 min 26 s
Channel: JoVE
Description: Igneous rocks form when hot liquid rock, called magma, cools and crystallizes. Magma temperatures typically range from about 800 °C to 1,200 °C. These rocks record the freezing of molten material inside Earth.

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Earth and Environmental Science

Earth's Systems

ESS.EES.2.1

Igneous Intrusive Rock

1. 葡萄汁实验
<ol>
	<li>打开一罐市售人造葡萄汁。</li>
	<li>将部分液体倒入手中并挤压。</li>
	<li>注意观察液体呈深紫色，而残留的固体部分紫色已减少，变得接近无色透明的冰状。</li>
</ol>
2. 冷却速率与晶体尺寸
<ol>
	<li>在培养皿底部撒上一层百里酚晶体，刚好覆盖皿底即可。</li>
	<li>将培养皿置于加热板上，放置位置应通风良好。</li>
	<li>将加热板调至非常低的温度，仅需足以使晶体开始熔化即可。必须使用低温，否则晶体会发生挥发。</li>
	<li>待晶体完全熔化后，将培养皿取下并放置于桌面上，观察其缓慢冷却过程。</li>
	<li>用第二个培养皿重复上述步骤（2.1–2.3），但在熔化后，将培养皿置于冰水浴上进行快速冷却。</li>
	<li>比较在桌面上缓慢冷却的培养皿与在冰水浴上快速冷却的培养皿中形成的晶体大小。</li>
</ol>
<div class="chapter_text" id="script_0" style="line-height: 20.8px;">
确定火成岩的组成成分可帮助科学家了解某一地区过去的火山活动情况。
火成岩由高温液态岩石冷却并结晶形成，这种高温液态岩石称为岩浆。岩浆在地球表面及浅层中相对罕见。然而，岩浆有时会通过火山喷发或类似事件到达地表，形成喷出性火成岩。而另一类在地表以下冷却并结晶的岩浆则形成侵入性火成岩。
本视频将演示侵入性火成岩的形成过程，并通过两个简单的实验展示如何模拟其形成。
</div>
<div class="chapter_text" id="script_1" style="line-height: 20.8px;">
岩浆的冷却和结晶可在多种环境和方式下发生。冷却速度的快慢会对所形成的岩石产生显著影响。不同的冷却速率会导致岩石中晶体的大小、形状和排列方式各异，这些因素共同决定了岩石的整体结构。地表或快速冷却形成的岩石通常具有非常细小的晶体，这种结构被称为隐晶质结构。
相比之下，岩浆体在地球内部地下环境中发生的冷却过程要缓慢得多。岩浆可能处于一种称为部分熔融的状态。这种缓慢的冷却和固化过程会形成具有相对较大晶体的岩石，晶体大小通常肉眼可见。这类岩石被称为侵入性火成岩，其较粗且较大的晶粒尺寸形成一种被称为显晶质的结构。
火成岩的具体类型由其结构和成分共同决定。从成分上看，火成岩可分为长英质、中性到铁镁质等多种类型。长英质岩石富含铝和二氧化硅，而铁镁质岩石含较少的二氧化硅，但含有更多的铁和镁。岩浆的成分可以介于长英质与铁镁质之间的任何位置。
从定量角度看，长英质岩石按重量计约含有60–75%的二氧化硅，通常也称为花岗质岩石。铁镁质岩石的二氧化硅含量约为45–60%，总体上属于玄武质成分。中性成分的岩石，其二氧化硅含量大约为55–63%，被称为安山质。
通过两个实验演示，我们可以展示侵入性火成岩的形成过程以及在不同冷却温度下晶体的形成过程。
</div>
<div class="chapter_text" id="script_2" style="line-height: 20.8px;">
部分熔融演示的第一步是选择合适的岩浆替代物。像果汁这样的有色液体在此实验中效果良好。开始实验时，打开一罐冷冻的市售葡萄汁。
接着，将容器中约四分之一的冷冻葡萄汁倒入戴着手套的手中。用力挤压冷冻的果汁，确保施加持续且稳固的压力。注意观察，从冻结果汁中流出的液体呈深紫色。相比之下，剩余的固体部分颜色变淡，比之前显得更浅。
葡萄汁的熔化过程演示了岩浆中常见的部分熔融概念。初始产生的熔体（即液态部分）通常与发生熔融的母岩具有不同的化学成分。
葡萄汁中有色素的部分熔化速度最快，这意味着实验初期大部分色素会迅速流入容器，导致残留固体中的色素减少。这一过程模拟了部分熔融现象，并突显了岩浆成分的差异。岩石在部分熔融过程中最先形成的液体（由葡萄汁中染色部分模拟）富含长英质组分。当这种液体从体系中分离出去（这在自然界中通常会发生）时，剩余的岩石（由较透明的冰模拟）则会具有更多的镁铁质成分。
</div>
<div class="chapter_text" id="script_3" style="line-height: 20.8px;">
百里酚是一种天然存在的有机化合物，可用于模拟岩石的结晶过程。将一层百里酚晶体撒入培养皿中，用量以覆盖皿底为宜。将培养皿置于通风良好的环境中，并用极低温度的加热板进行加热。保持低温至关重要，以防止晶体挥发。待晶体完全熔化后，将培养皿移离热源，放置于室温下的桌面上，观察其冷却过程。用第二个培养皿和百里酚晶体重复上述加热步骤，待其熔化后，将培养皿置于冰水浴上进行快速冷却。
百里酚晶体实验展示了火成岩在不同冷却速率下晶粒尺寸的变化情况。快速冷却形成的晶体比缓慢冷却形成的晶体更小，这种差异在重新凝固的百里酚晶体中可明显观察到。在较慢冷却条件下形成的混合晶体类似于侵入性火成岩中的晶体，后者是在地球次表层中缓慢冷却过程中形成的。相比之下，在快速冷却条件下形成的较小晶体则类似于喷出性火成岩（也称为隐晶质岩石），这类岩石是在岩浆通过火山喷发到达地表后快速冷却形成的。
</div>
<div class="chapter_text" id="script_4" style="line-height: 20.8px;">
识别并理解侵入性火成岩的性质及其形成过程，对地质学家以及整个人类社会具有广泛的应用价值。
侵入性火成岩可作为某些类型矿床的标志。例如，长英质至中性侵入岩浆体常与铜、钼、金或银矿床的形成有关。相比之下，镁铁质侵入体则可能与铬、铂和镍矿床相关。能够便捷地识别潜在矿床，有助于实现定向钻探或采矿，从而对行业成本和环境影响具有重要意义。
若岩浆喷出地表，则会发生火山喷发。某一区域存在的侵入性火成岩可作为野外地质学家判断该区域是否存在火山岩证据的标志，进而确定该区域当前或历史上是否具有火山活动性。这些信息可用于预测某些区域是否仍处于火山活跃状态，或未来是否可能变得活跃。这对于土地利用规划与管理，以及评估现有居民点或建筑物所面临的潜在风险至关重要。
侵入性火成岩也是解读地球历史的重要标志。火成岩相对容易进行定年，可通过测量放射性母体与子体同位素或&#34;衰变产物&#34;的相对丰度来实现。从定性角度看，子体同位素与母体同位素丰度比值更高的岩石更为古老，因为母体同位素有更长时间衰变为子体同位素。某一区域存在的火成岩类型还可指示大陆地壳中过去的熔融区域、俯冲带活动，以及大陆裂谷或洋中脊裂谷带的存在。这使地质学家能够推断岩石形成时期的构造环境类型。
</div>
<div class="chapter_text" id="script_5" style="line-height: 20.8px;">
您刚刚观看了 JoVE 关于侵入性火成岩的简介。您现在应该理解侵入性火成岩与喷出性火成岩之间的区别，了解侵入性岩石的形成过程，以及如何在实验室中模拟部分熔融和侵入性岩石的形成。
感谢观看！
</div>

火成岩具有重要的意义。地质学家出于多种原因对侵入性火成岩进行识别和绘制分布图。
侵入性火成岩可作为某些类型矿床的标志。例如，长英质至中性成分的侵入岩浆体可作为热液循环系统的热源，促使铜（Cu）、钼（Mo）、金（Au）、银（Ag）及其他金属矿物在裂隙（矿脉）中伴随沉淀。相比之下，镁铁质至超镁铁质侵入体则与铬（Cr）、铂（Pt）和镍（Ni）矿床相关。
侵入性火成岩也可能是过去岩浆活动的标志。如果岩浆喷出地表，就会发生火山喷发。因此，识别出侵入性火成岩将促使野外地质学家评估是否存在相关的火山岩。
侵入性火成岩是解读地球历史的重要组成部分。部分原因在于，利用同位素技术对侵入性火成岩进行定年相对容易，且火成岩的类型可作为过去板块构造环境的标志。例如，长英质岩石是大陆地壳内熔融作用的典型特征即 板内岩浆作用）。中性岩是俯冲带环境的典型特征。镁铁质岩石是洋中脊和大陆裂谷带的典型特征。

火成侵入岩

来源：<a href="https://www.jove.com/author/Alan_Lester">Alan Lester</a> 实验室 - 科罗拉多大学博尔德分校
火成岩是高温液态岩石（称为岩浆）冷却和结晶的产物。岩浆的温度通常在约 800 °C 至 1,200 °C 之间。对人类而言，或许幸运的是，熔融岩石在地球上是一种异常现象。如果在地球上随意假设一个钻孔，很可能直到接近地表以下 2,900 公里的外地核区域，才可能到达真正完全熔融的物质区域（地球半径为 6,370 公里）。即使在那里，这种熔融物质也主要由液态铁组成，而非真正的硅酸盐岩石，并且永远无法到达地球表面。
尽管火山喷发和火成岩确实存在，它们证明了地球内部确实存在局部熔融和岩浆生成的区域。

1) 葡萄汁实验演示了部分熔融的概念。其中初始液体（熔体）的成分通常与发生熔融的母岩不同。
2) 百里香酚实验展示了火成岩晶粒大小与冷却速率相关这一概念。快速冷却比缓慢冷却产生的晶体更小。

来源：科罗拉多大学博尔德分校 Alan Lester 实验室  
火成岩是高温岩浆冷却和结晶作用的产物……

确定火成岩的组成成分可为科学家提供有关某地区过去火山活动的信息。火成岩是由高温液态岩石（称为岩浆）冷却并结晶形成的。岩浆在地球表面和上层中相对罕见。然而，岩浆有时会通过火山喷发或类似事件到达地表，形成喷出性火成岩。相反，岩浆若在地球表面以下冷却并结晶，则称为侵入性火成岩。本视频将演示侵入性火成岩的形成过程，并通过两个简单的实验展示如何模拟其形成。岩浆的冷却和结晶可以在多种环境和条件下发生。冷却速度的快慢会对形成的岩石产生显著影响。不同的冷却速率会生成晶体大小、形状和排列方式各异的岩石，这些因素决定了岩石的整体结构。地表或快速冷却形成的岩石通常具有非常细小的晶体，这种结构被称为隐晶质结构。相比之下，岩浆体在地球内部固化时发生的地下冷却过程要缓慢得多。岩浆可能处于一种称为部分熔融的阶段。这种冷却和固化过程会形成晶体相对较大、肉眼可见的岩石。这类岩石被称为侵入性火成岩，其较粗且较大的晶粒尺寸形成一种称为显晶质的结构。火成岩的特定类型由其结构和成分共同决定。从成分上看，火成岩可分为长英质、中性到铁镁质。长英质岩石富含铝和二氧化硅，而铁镁质岩石含较少的二氧化硅，但富含铁和镁。岩浆的成分可介于长英质与铁镁质之间的任何位置。从定量角度来看，长英质岩石按重量计含有约 60–75% 的二氧化硅，通常被称为花岗质岩石。镁铁质岩石的二氧化硅含量约为 45–60%，总体上具有玄武质成分。二氧化硅含量大约在 55–63% 的中间成分则称为安山质。通过两个实验演示，我们可以说明侵入性火成岩的形成过程以及在不同冷却温度下晶体的形成过程。部分熔融演示的第一步是选择合适的熔岩替代物。彩色液体（如果汁）在此类实验中效果较好。开始实验时，打开一罐冷冻的市售葡萄汁。接下来，将容器中四分之一的物料倒入戴着手套的手中。挤压冷冻的果汁，确保施加持续而均匀的压力。注意观察，从冷冻果汁中流出的液体呈深紫色。相比之下，残留的固体部分颜色有所减退，显得比之前更浅。葡萄汁的熔化过程展示了部分熔融的概念，这在岩浆中可见。初始熔融物（即液态）的成分通常与发生熔融的母岩不同。葡萄汁的有色部分融化得最快，这意味着在实验初期，大部分色素会流入容器中，导致残留的颜色减少。这一过程模拟了部分熔融，并突显了岩浆成分的差异。岩石在部分熔融过程中首先形成的液体，由葡萄汁中染色的部分模拟，富含长英质组分。当这种液体从系统中被移除（通常情况下确实如此）时，剩余的岩石（由较透明的冰表示）将具有更偏镁铁质的成分。百里酚是一种天然存在的有机化合物，可用于模拟岩石结晶过程。将一层百里酚晶体撒入培养皿中，用量以能覆盖皿底为宜。将培养皿置于通风良好的区域，并放在加热板上以极低温度加热。保持低温至关重要，以防止晶体挥发。待晶体完全熔化后，将培养皿从热源上移开，置于室温下的桌面上，观察其冷却过程。用第二个培养皿和百里酚晶体重复上述加热步骤，待晶体熔化后，将培养皿置于冰水浴上进行冷却。百里酚晶体实验展示了火成岩在不同冷却速率下晶粒大小的变化。快速冷却形成的晶体比缓慢冷却形成的晶体更小，这种差异在重新形成的百里酚晶体中可以清晰观察到。在较慢冷却条件下形成的混合晶体类似于侵入性火成岩中的晶体，后者是在地球次表层较慢冷却过程中形成的。相比之下，快速冷却条件下形成的小晶体则类似于喷出性火成岩（也称为隐晶质岩石），这类岩石是在岩浆通过火山喷发突破地表后形成的。识别并理解侵入性火成岩的性质及其形成过程，对地质学家以及整个人类社会具有广泛的应用价值。侵入性火成岩可作为某些类型矿床的标志。例如，长英质至中性侵入岩浆体常与铜、钼、金或银矿床的形成有关。相比之下，镁铁质侵入体则可能与铬、铂和镍矿床相关。能够便捷地识别潜在矿床，有助于实现定向钻探或开采，从而对行业成本和环境产生重要影响。如果岩浆突破地表，就会发生火山喷发。某一地区存在的侵入性火成岩可作为野外地质学家寻找火山岩证据的标志，并据此判断该地区目前或过去可能存在火山活动。这些信息可用于预测某些地区是否仍处于火山活跃状态，或未来是否可能变得活跃。这对于土地利用规划与管理，以及评估现有居民点或建筑物所面临的潜在风险具有重要意义。侵入性火成岩对于解读地球历史也具有重要的指示意义。火成岩相对容易进行定年，这可以通过测量放射性母体同位素与子体同位素（即“衰变产物”）之间的相对丰度来实现。从定性角度来看，子体同位素与母体同位素丰度比值较高的岩石更为古老，因为母体同位素有更长的时间衰变为子体同位素。某一地区存在的火成岩类型还可以指示大陆地壳内曾经发生熔融的区域、俯冲带活动以及大陆裂谷带或洋中脊裂谷带的存在。这使得地质学家能够推断岩石形成时期的构造环境类型。您刚刚观看了 JoVE 关于侵入性火成岩的简介。现在，您应该理解侵入性火成岩与喷出性火成岩之间的区别、侵入性火成岩的形成过程，以及如何在实验室中模拟部分熔融和侵入性火成岩的形成。感谢观看！

Education

教育

JoVE Science Education

Environmental Sciences

环境科学

Earth Science

地球科学

火成岩侵入岩

magma cooling and igneous rock

Igneous rocks form when hot liquid rock, called magma, cools and crystallizes. Magma temperatures typically range from about 800 °C to 1,200 °C. These rocks record the freezing of molten material inside Earth.

Magma Cooling and Igneous Rock

determining spatial orientation of rock layers with the brunton compass

determining-spatial-orientation-rock-layers-with-brunton

Measuring Rock Layer Strike and Dip

The Brunton compass is used to measure the spatial orientation of rock layers and other rock features. Many rock units show planar surfaces or linear features. These include bedding surfaces, fault surfaces, fracture surfaces, joint surfaces, foliation, and mineral alignment. These measurements give geologists the raw data they need to study how rock units formed and how they changed over time. The directions are recorded as strike and dip. Strike is the direction of a flat surface, and dip...

using topographic maps to generate topographic profiles

using-topographic-maps-to-generate-topographic-profiles

Reading Contour Lines on Topographic Maps

Topographic maps show Earth’s surface in a plan view, which means an overhead view. They give a clear look at land shape from above. These maps are a standard way to represent three-dimensional terrain on a flat page. Contour lines are the key feature of a topographic map. Each line connects places with the same elevation, or height above sea level. The spacing between contour lines is called the elevation interval, and it depends on how much detail the map shows and on the land itself. <br...

making a geologic cross section

Reading Geologic Maps in 3D

Geologic maps show rock units at Earth’s surface and help geologists infer what lies below it. They began in Europe in the mid-to-late 18th century and have since become a key tool for studying rock distribution, subsurface structure, and changes through time. A modern geologic map is a data-rich, two-dimensional plan view built on a topographic map. On these maps, color variations mark specific rock units. The lines where one unit meets another are called contacts. Geologic maps also use...

physical properties of minerals i: crystals and cleavage

physical-properties-of-minerals-i-crystals-and-cleavage

Mineral Crystal Shapes and Cleavage

Mineral crystal shapes and cleavage reveal how a mineral is built at the atomic level. These physical properties are measurable and visible traits that help identify minerals. They include color, streak, magnetic properties, hardness, crystal growth form, and crystal cleavage. Each of these properties is specific to a mineral. They are tied to the mineral’s chemical make-up and atomic structure. Crystal growth form and crystal cleavage both come mainly from the repeated pattern of basic atomic...

physical properties of minerals ii: polymineralic analysis

physical-properties-of-minerals-ii-polymineralic-analysis

Mineral Clues for Rock Identification

Mineral color, streak, luster, hardness, magnetism, and acid reaction help identify minerals and rocks. These physical properties can be seen or measured in hand samples and in the field. They are tied to a mineral’s chemical makeup and, to a lesser extent, its atomic structure. The video also explains why these clues work for rocks as well as minerals. Rocks are made of mineral grains, and most rocks contain more than one mineral type, which means they are polymineralic. Some rocks are...

igneous volcanic rock

How Volcanic Rock Forms From Lava

Volcanic rock forms when magma reaches Earth’s surface and cools. It is a type of igneous rock, which means it comes from cooling and crystallization of molten material. When magma is on the surface, it is called lava. Magma is molten rock that is usually between about 800 °C and 1,200 °C. It forms inside Earth through three main melting processes. These are the addition of heat, the addition of volatiles, and decompression. Each way of making magma can produce a different kind of magma. That...

igneous intrusive rock

Igneous rocks form when hot liquid rock, called magma, cools and crystallizes. Magma temperatures typically range from about 800 °C to 1,200 °C. These rocks record the freezing of molten material inside Earth.

an overview of bgdgt biomarker analysis for paleoclimatology

an-overview-of-bgdgt-biomarker-analysis-for-paleoclimatology

Sediment Biomarkers for Past Climate Records

Sediment biomarkers can record past climate conditions, and branched GDGTs are one example used to study temperature in freshwater basins. These organic compounds are extracted from natural samples, purified, and then measured to help reconstruct environments from the past. In paleoclimatology, scientists use these records to better understand climate change over time. Sediments build up over geologic time in sedimentary basins, which are low areas in the Earth’s crust where material is...

an overview of alkenone biomarker analysis for paleothermometry

an-overview-of-alkenone-biomarker-analysis-for-paleothermometry

Sea Surface Temperature from Alkenone Ratios

Sea surface temperature can be reconstructed from alkenone ratios preserved in marine sediment. Alkenones are long-chain, unsaturated alkyl ketones made by some haptophyte algae, especially coccolithophores such as Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanica in the open ocean. The most widely used proxy is the U K'37 index, which compares the C37:2 and C37:3 alkenones. Because the ratio changes with growth temperature, it can be used to estimate past sea surface temperature. The U K'37 proxy...

sonication extraction of lipid biomarkers from sediment

sonication-extraction-of-lipid-biomarkers-from-sediment

How Organic Carbon Becomes Biomarkers

Organic material and inorganic material are chemically different. In an ecosystem, living material includes leaves, fungi, bark, and tissue. Non-living material includes rocks, their minerals, oxygen, water, and metals. Organic matter contains carbon linked to other carbon and hydrogen molecules, which sets it apart from inorganic matter. Carbon is especially flexible in the kinds of bonds it can form. Its valence range from -4 to +4 lets it make up to four separate covalent bonds with nearby...

soxhlet extraction of lipid biomarkers from sediment

soxhlet-extraction-of-lipid-biomarkers-from-sediment

Large-Volume Sediment Extraction for Standards

Large-volume sediment extraction is used to isolate compounds for chemical standards. These standards help labs track the performance, accuracy, and precision of instruments over time. That way, a measurement made today can be compared with one made a year later. Because standards must be checked over long periods, labs often need large amounts of material. Many chemical standards can be bought from companies such as Sigma-Aldrich and Fisher. But some natural compounds needed for paleoclimatic...

extraction of biomarkers from sediments - accelerated solvent extraction

extraction-of-biomarkers-from-sediments-accelerated-solvent-extraction

Sediment biomarkers can help scientists reconstruct past air and water temperatures. In this method, a group of organic biomarkers called glycerol-dialkyl glycerol-tetraethers, or GDGTs, is studied in modern sediments and in older sediment layers of known age. GDGTs are produced by a suite of archaea and bacteria. Their distribution changes in a predictable way in response to temperature. That pattern lets researchers use sediment records to track how climate changed over time. These...

conversion of fatty acid methyl esters by saponification for uk'37 paleothermometry

conversion-fatty-acid-methyl-esters-saponification-for-uk-37

Saponification for Cleaner GC-FID Analysis

Saponification helps clean up complex lipid samples before gas chromatography analysis. A total lipid extract, or TLE, from an organic solvent extraction can contain hundreds or even thousands of compounds. Researchers may only need a few target compounds. They may also need to remove unwanted material that gets in the way or co-elutes, meaning it comes off the gas chromatograph at the same time as another compound. This sample cleanup supports measurement on a gas chromatograph coupled to a...

purification of a total lipid extract with column chromatography

purification-of-a-total-lipid-extract-with-column-chromatography

Separating Lipid Classes by Column Chromatography

Column chromatography is used to separate lipid classes in a total lipid extract. A total lipid extract, or TLE, is often a complex mixture made up of hundreds or even thousands of compounds. Researchers may only need a few target compounds, so they remove the compounds they are not studying. Those target compounds can belong to different classes, including alkanes, ketones, alcohols, and acids. In some studies, a sample may contain many compounds, but only a small set matters for analysis.

removal of branched and cyclic compounds by urea adduction for uk'37 paleothermometry

removal-branched-cyclic-compounds-urea-adduction-for-uk-37

Urea Adduction Separates Lipid Shapes

Urea adduction separates straight-chain lipids from branched and cyclic compounds in a total lipid extract. Researchers use this step when they want only a small set of target molecules from a sample that may contain hundreds or even thousands of compounds. For paleothermometry, the target compounds are the alkenones used in U k'37 and the isoprenoidal glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers, or GDGTs, used in MBT/CBT. Together, these organic paleothermometers depend on only six compounds: two...

earth science

该系列专题包括地质学、地球化学等。各种示范, 包括矿物的物理化学性质和岩石形成的分析。

Explore how magma cools and crystallizes to form igneous rocks, and why molten rock is rare near Earth’s surface in this high school science video.

Magma Cooling and Igneous Rock | JoVE K12

ESS.EES.2.2

ESS.EES.2.4

ESS.EES.2.5

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Earth and Space Science

3.3.9-12.I

History of Earth

3.3.9-12.F

3.3.9-12.G

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Earth’s Place In The Universe

HS-ESS1-5

HS-ESS1-6

Earth’s Systems

HS-ESS2-1

HS-ESS2-3

Environmental Science

HS-ESS2-5

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Physical Geology

igneous-metamorphic-and-sedimentary-rocks

Igneous, Metamorphic And Sedimentary Rocks

Igneous

Metamorphic

Earth's History

The geologic rock record

Plate Tectonics

Structure of Earth

Plate motion

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

ES.4

ES.4.b

ES.4.c

ES.5

ES.5.a

ES.5.b

ES.5.c

ES.5.d

ES.7

ES.7.a

ES.7.b

ES.7.c

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

Earth Systems Science

112.49.c.6.

112.49.c.6.A.

112.49.c.7.

112.49.c.7.B.

112.49.c.8.

112.49.c.8.G.

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

Life Science

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

HS-LS2-6

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12.ESS.2.4.a

Astronomy

112.48.c.13.

112.48.c.13.A.

Next Generation Science Standards

Earth’s Place in the Universe

HS-ESS2-2

Earth and Human Activity

HS-ESS3-1

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.E.6

SC.912.E.6.1

SC.912.E.6.2

SC.912.E.6.3

SC.912.E.6.4

Georgia Standards of Excellence

Geology

The Rock Cycle

SG2.d

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

Earth and Space Science (ESS)

E-ESS1-5.

E-ESS1-6.

E-ESS2-1.

E-ESS2-3.

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

Earth and Space Sciences

HS-ESS1-5.

HS-ESS1-6.

HS-ESS2-1.

Human Sustainability

HS-ESS3-1.

HS-ESS3-2.

Alan Lester

University of Colorado Boulder

Overview

Principles of Intrusive Igneous Rocks

Partial Melting Demonstration

Cooling Rates and Crystal Size

Applications

Summary

Igneous Volcanic Rock

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Igneous rocks are the products of cooling and crystallization of magma. Volcanic rocks ...

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among ...

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Igneous rocks are products of the cooling and crystallization of high temperature ...

Using Topographic Maps to Generate Topographic Profiles

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Topographic maps are &#34;plan-view&#34; representations of Earth&#39;s ...

Determining Spatial Orientation of Rock Layers with the Brunton Compass

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Most rock units exhibit some form of planar surfaces or linear features. Examples ...

Making a Geologic Cross Section

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Geologic maps were first made and utilized in Europe, in the mid-to-late 18th century. ...

Use models to explain how mantle convection powers plate tectonics.

Analyze and interpret data to predict locations of volcanoes and earthquakes based on plate boundaries.

Analyze how the geosphere is shaped by plate tectonics and the rock cycle.

Magma Cooling and Igneous Rock

Description

Transcript

More videos by Standards