Name: how volcanic rock forms from lava
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T06:35:01.000Z
Duration: 7 min 28 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Earth and Environmental Science

Earth's Systems

ESS.EES.2.1

Igneous Volcanic Rock

1.CO2火山
<ol>
	<li>用细细的脖子填充塑料的容器 （例如 16 盎司苏打瓶） 关于半满用温水。</li>
	<li>埋下粘土或面团，离开只是 （开业） 瓶子的瓶颈部分暴露，模拟火山结构建模瓶。</li>
	<li>添加几滴洗洁精 （使得液体泡沫和有可能产生泡沫）。</li>
	<li>作为一个漏斗使用一张折叠着的纸，添加小苏打 4 茶匙 （约 15-20 毫升）。</li>
	<li>将红醋逐步添加到的塑料容器。如果使用 16 盎司苏打瓶，添加 8 10 盎司的醋。向容器中添加醋，直到它开始泡腾。</li>
	<li>如果需要，软木"猛烈的喷发"的容器或离开它拔掉瓶塞更淡静的喷发。</li>
</ol>
2.熔岩分层
<ol>
	<li>因此它成为粘性流体的热板上的温暖石蜡。</li>
	<li>采取的纸板，稀薄的部分和弯曲形式的折弯和各种形状的槽。倒斜纸板表面的液体石蜡。作为石蜡流场的不均匀的表面会形成一层的厚度，会看到真正的熔岩流中。</li>
	<li>石蜡已冷却并凝固后，重复这一过程两或三次，为了模拟连续的熔岩流。</li>
</ol>
<div class="chapter_text" id="script_0" style="line-height: 20.8px;">
火山岩是特定类型的时岩浆违反表面并凝固在陆上环境中形成的火成岩。它的研究提供深入了解过去和未来可能的火山活动。
岩浆是液体的岩石，这产生在地球内部，达到温度从 800 到 1,200 ° c。有三种主要机制的岩浆生产: 热、 添加挥发物或减压的加法。每个这些不同类型的熔炼生产特定类型的岩浆，和因此产生的火山喷发不同风格与结构。此视频将说明使用石蜡，规模较小的熔岩沉积类型之间的区别和不同的喷发类型使用 CO2根据示范。
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<div class="chapter_text" id="script_1" style="line-height: 20.8px;">
高粘性岩浆与高挥发性内容倾向于产生最具爆炸性的喷发，相比低粘度、 低挥发性内容岩浆，一般产生最淡静的喷发。
在淡静的火山喷发，熔岩流越位的火山或向外从裂缝。熔岩流通常缓慢移动，并因此可能造成的财产损失，但很少的生命损失。相比之下，更具爆炸性反应导致岩浆、 岩石和气体，统称为"火山碎屑物质"，以从火山喷出。
正在融化的地幔的类型和程度的融化，同时能够影响岩浆成分。由此产生的岩浆形成然后会影响生产，造成火山和观察到的喷发类型。
一般来说，粘性岩浆是多长英质成分和形式因为冰层融化的大陆地壳或大陆岩石圈中。相比之下，粘性岩浆是通常镁铁质，和熔炼的大洋岩石圈或 asthenopheric 地幔的熔融过程形成。长英质和镁铁质岩石的详细信息，请参阅此集合的其他视频在火成岩。
随着时间的推移，连续供词的熔岩通常会生成火山。高黏稠的熔岩创建高高的陡峭的华厦，称为层状。相比之下，自由流动的熔岩游记进一步固化前创建短、 低剖面结构，称为盾火山。
现在，我们都熟悉岩浆生产、 沉积及火山爆发背后的概念，让我们看看这些能在实验室模拟的如何。
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<div class="chapter_text" id="script_2" style="line-height: 20.8px;">
第一个过程演示静止和爆炸性喷发。开始，填充一个塑料容器颈部瘦到大约一半满的温暖的水。为了模拟结构的一座火山，埋下建模粘土或面团，离开只是领口暴露的瓶子瓶。接下来，添加大约 4 茶匙小苏打。
将醋添加到瓶子里，直到它开始泡腾。其中包括染料可以提供援助具有可见性。静止的喷发开瓶。如果所需的猛烈的喷发模拟，软木塞瓶子。
在淡静的喷发，一些材料向外流淌像熔岩流。流的泡沫性质令人想起被控挥发物的熔岩。
最火山喷发与挥发损失。那些特别是爆炸将有相当大的挥发性化身。在瓶塞的容器中，最初的爆发涉及喷射到上面的火山机构的空气的火山碎屑岩型材料。这也表明在自然阻止火山会发生什么。
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<div class="chapter_text" id="script_3" style="line-height: 20.8px;">
下一个示范涉及是熔岩分层。为了证明这一点，直到它变成粘性流体温暖石蜡切片放在铁板上。倒到各种形状的弯角斜薄纸板表面的液体石蜡。这种不同的梯度模拟上皮细胞表面的真正的火山的熔岩流。当石蜡流动在不平的路面时，它会形成一层的不同厚度，模拟什么会看到真正的火山表面上。让第一次的石蜡层，冷却，然后倒在第一，从同一点出发的第二层。此过程重复几次，来模拟连续的熔岩流。
请注意如何层薄与岩浆源的距离。也观察随后热层或火山喷发可以部分融化下层图层。
分层演示迭加原理。在底部，从最近爆发分层以上存款发现了旧层。
此外，卡的弯曲的表面模拟不平的路面上大多数火山看到。不同厚度的岩浆将收集关于火山表面，改变每个连续喷发火山地貌的陡峭或浅部分。
</div>
<div class="chapter_text" id="script_4" style="line-height: 20.8px;">
了解火山岩石成分和形成，导致不同喷发现象的属性具有广泛的应用，为地质学家和人类作为一个整体。
认识的火山岩系中该字段的类型并将它们链接到特定的发疹性风格可以告知附近社区的威胁类型的地质学家。此信息可以帮助与实施爆发的应急计划，或有针对性的安全建设或城市规划。
类型的火山岩石也可以研究，评价的严重性或爆炸性的火山爆发。在规划土地用途时，此信息可以有帮助。火山沉积能也积极地影响土壤和农业，这些地区可能是经济上富有成效，如果严重爆发的风险被认为是低。
火山分层可以是一个地区的地质历史的窗户。图层可以包含信息关于过去的气候、 环境和生活和易到目前为止，提供有用的时间标记在地质调查。火山还可以创建风景，包括标志性亚瑟的位子，俯瞰苏格兰爱丁堡市。这是最大的一座死火山，追溯到石炭纪，并指定具特殊科学价值地点的其余部分。
</div>
<div class="chapter_text" id="script_5" style="line-height: 20.8px;">
你刚看了火山的火成岩的朱庇特的简介。现在，您应该了解不同类型的岩浆及其沉积、 静止和爆炸性喷发和如何模拟这些在实验室或在家里的原则。谢谢观赏 ！谢谢观赏 ！
</div>

火山活动和相关的岩石是兴趣的地质学家极大。不只做火山喷发姿势对附近社区的威胁，很重要的是要认识到他们可以也导致景观的地方，而且对土壤和农业生产力产生积极影响。
识别火山岩中的字段、 将它们链接到特定的发疹性风格，和确定过去活动区的基本地质评估地区的人民生活和 （或） 工作的一部分。火山岩可以过去喷发活动的指标。火山岩形成的类型也可以用于评估过去喷发的爆炸和严重程度。了解潜在类型的火山喷发 （例如熔岩流 (图 1)、 火山灰、 火山碎屑流 (图 3)） 可能发生在火山地区是制订减灾战略的一个关键部分。
<img alt="Figure 5" src="/files/ftp_upload/10037/10037fig5.jpg"> 
图 3。火山碎屑流扫边路的马荣火山，菲律宾，1984年。
<p class="jove_co...

火成岩火成岩

资料来源: 实验室的艾伦 · 莱斯特-科罗拉多大学博尔德分校
火成岩对产品的冷却和结晶的岩浆。火山岩是火成岩，由于岩浆违反表面，然后冷却和结晶在陆上环境中形成的特殊品种。
岩浆是通常在 1200 摄氏度 (图 1) 从大约 800 ° C 温度范围的液体岩石。岩浆本身是地球通过三个主要的熔融机理，即增加热量、 增补、 挥发物，减压内产生的。每种模式的熔体代往往产生特定类型的岩浆和，因此，鲜明的发疹性风格和结构。
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/10037/10037fig1.jpg"> 
图 1。在夏威夷基拉韦厄新鲜熔岩爆发。熔岩是岩浆是在地球表面的术语。

1.CO2火山
在 CO2实验中，一些材料将向外流动像熔岩流。流的泡沫性质令人想起被控挥发物的熔岩。最火山喷发与挥发损失。那些特别是爆炸将有相当大的挥发性化身。如果容器走了味，然后，最初的爆发会涉及喷射到上面的火山机构的空气的火山碎屑岩型材料。
2.火山分层
与火山分层实验的完成，注意层薄与岩浆源的距离。这是一个火山常见的现象。此外可以看到的是第二层部分可以融化在底层。迭加原理还可以观察到在演示中，年龄层找到底部，年轻层之上。

来源：科罗拉多大学博尔德分校 Alan Lester 实验室  
火成岩是岩浆冷却和结晶的产物。火山岩……

火山岩是一种特定类型的火成岩，当地下岩浆突破地表并在地表环境中凝固时形成。对火山岩的研究有助于了解过去的火山活动，并可能预测未来的火山活动。岩浆是地球内部产生的熔融岩石，温度范围为800至1,200 °C。岩浆的生成主要有三种机制：加热、加入挥发性物质或减压。这些不同的熔融方式会产生特定类型的岩浆，从而形成具有不同喷发方式和结构的火山。本视频将使用石蜡在小尺度上模拟不同类型熔岩的沉积过程，并通过基于CO2的演示展示不同类型的火山喷发。与低黏度、低挥发分含量的岩浆通常产生最平静的喷发相比，高黏度且富含挥发分的岩浆往往会产生最剧烈的爆炸性喷发。在宁静式喷发中，熔岩从火山侧面或裂隙中流出。熔岩流通常移动缓慢，因此可能造成财产损失，但很少导致人员伤亡。相比之下，更剧烈的喷发会将岩浆、岩石和气体一起从火山中喷出，这些物质 collectively 被称为“火山碎屑物质”。被熔融的地幔类型以及熔融程度都会影响岩浆的成分。由此形成的岩浆将进而影响所生成的火山类型以及所观察到的喷发类型。通常，黏性较大的岩浆成分上更偏长英质，由大陆地壳或大陆岩石圈熔融形成。相比之下，黏性较小的岩浆通常为镁铁质，由洋壳岩石圈或软流圈地幔熔融形成。有关长英质与镁铁质岩石的更多信息，请参见本系列中关于火成岩的另一段视频。火山通常由随时间推移而不断堆积的熔岩形成。高黏度的熔岩会形成高大、陡峭的山体，称为成层火山。相比之下，流动性较强的熔岩在凝固前可流动更远，形成低矮、平缓的结构，称为盾状火山。现在我们已经熟悉了岩浆生成、沉积和火山喷发背后的原理，接下来让我们看看如何在实验室中模拟这些过程。第一个实验演示了宁静式喷发和爆炸式喷发。首先，用温水将一个细颈塑料容器填充至约一半高度。为了模拟火山的结构，用油灰或面团将瓶子埋住，仅使瓶口部分露出。接下来，加入约4茶匙的小苏打。将醋加入瓶中，直至开始产生气泡。加入染料可提高可见度。若要模拟平静喷发，请保持瓶口敞开；若要模拟剧烈喷发，则用瓶塞封住瓶口。在宁静式喷发中，部分物质像熔岩流一样向外流动。这种流动的泡沫状特征让人联想到富含挥发性物质的熔岩。大多数火山喷发都与挥发物的流失有关。那些特别剧烈的喷发会有大量的挥发物释放。在密封容器中，最初的喷发会将类似火山碎屑的物质喷射到火山锥上方的空中。这也说明了自然堵塞的火山可能发生的情况。下一个演示涉及熔岩分层现象。为进行演示，将石蜡置于加热板上加热，直至其变为粘稠液体。将液态石蜡倾倒于一块带有各种弯曲形状的倾斜薄纸板表面。这种变化的坡度可模拟真实火山不规则表面之上的熔岩流动。当石蜡液体流经不平整表面时，会形成厚度不一的层状结构，类似于真实火山表面所观察到的现象。待第一层石蜡冷却后，从相同位置倾倒第二层石蜡覆盖其上。重复此过程数次，以模拟连续的熔岩喷发流动。注意观察岩浆源越远，各层逐渐变薄的现象。同时注意，后续的高温层或喷发事件可能使下伏岩层发生部分熔融。地层的叠置展示了叠加原理：较老的地层位于底部，而较新喷发形成的沉积物则分层覆盖于其上。此外，卡片的弯曲表面模拟了大多数火山表面常见的不平整地形。不同厚度的岩浆会积聚在火山表面坡度较陡或较缓的区域，每次连续喷发都会改变火山的地貌。了解火山岩的成分、形成过程及其导致不同喷发现象的性质，对于地质学家以及整个人类社会都具有广泛的应用价值。在野外识别火山岩类型并将其与特定的喷发方式相联系，可帮助地质学家了解对周边社区构成的威胁类型。这些信息有助于制定火山喷发应急预案，或指导安全建筑和城镇规划。还可以通过研究火山岩的类型来评估过去火山喷发的严重程度或爆炸性。这些信息在规划土地利用时可能具有参考价值。由于火山沉积物也可能对土壤和农业产生积极影响，因此如果严重喷发的风险被认为较低，这些地区在经济上可能具有较高的开发价值。火山岩层可以揭示一个地区的地质历史。岩层中包含着有关过去气候、环境和生命的信息，并且易于测定年代，为地质研究提供了有用的时间标记。火山还能形成风景优美的地貌，包括俯瞰苏格兰爱丁堡市的标志性景点亚瑟王座（Arthur's Seat）。这是可追溯至石炭纪时期的一座已熄灭火山所残留的最大部分，被指定为具有特殊科学意义的地点。您刚刚观看了 JoVE 关于火山火成岩的简介。现在，您应该了解不同类型岩浆及其沉积方式、宁静式喷发与爆炸式喷发的原理，以及如何在实验室或家中模拟这些过程。感谢观看！感谢观看！

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Volcanic rock forms when magma reaches Earth’s surface and cools. It is a type of igneous rock, which means it comes from cooling and crystallization of molten material. When magma is on the surface, it is called lava. Magma is molten rock that is usually between about 800 °C and 1,200 °C. It forms inside Earth through three main melting processes. These are the addition of heat, the addition of volatiles, and decompression. Each way of making magma can produce a different kind of magma. That...

igneous intrusive rock

Magma Cooling and Igneous Rock

Igneous rocks form when hot liquid rock, called magma, cools and crystallizes. Magma temperatures typically range from about 800 °C to 1,200 °C. These rocks record the freezing of molten material inside Earth.

an overview of bgdgt biomarker analysis for paleoclimatology

an-overview-of-bgdgt-biomarker-analysis-for-paleoclimatology

Sediment Biomarkers for Past Climate Records

Sediment biomarkers can record past climate conditions, and branched GDGTs are one example used to study temperature in freshwater basins. These organic compounds are extracted from natural samples, purified, and then measured to help reconstruct environments from the past. In paleoclimatology, scientists use these records to better understand climate change over time. Sediments build up over geologic time in sedimentary basins, which are low areas in the Earth’s crust where material is...

an overview of alkenone biomarker analysis for paleothermometry

an-overview-of-alkenone-biomarker-analysis-for-paleothermometry

Sea Surface Temperature from Alkenone Ratios

Sea surface temperature can be reconstructed from alkenone ratios preserved in marine sediment. Alkenones are long-chain, unsaturated alkyl ketones made by some haptophyte algae, especially coccolithophores such as Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanica in the open ocean. The most widely used proxy is the U K'37 index, which compares the C37:2 and C37:3 alkenones. Because the ratio changes with growth temperature, it can be used to estimate past sea surface temperature. The U K'37 proxy...

sonication extraction of lipid biomarkers from sediment

sonication-extraction-of-lipid-biomarkers-from-sediment

How Organic Carbon Becomes Biomarkers

Organic material and inorganic material are chemically different. In an ecosystem, living material includes leaves, fungi, bark, and tissue. Non-living material includes rocks, their minerals, oxygen, water, and metals. Organic matter contains carbon linked to other carbon and hydrogen molecules, which sets it apart from inorganic matter. Carbon is especially flexible in the kinds of bonds it can form. Its valence range from -4 to +4 lets it make up to four separate covalent bonds with nearby...

soxhlet extraction of lipid biomarkers from sediment

soxhlet-extraction-of-lipid-biomarkers-from-sediment

Large-Volume Sediment Extraction for Standards

Large-volume sediment extraction is used to isolate compounds for chemical standards. These standards help labs track the performance, accuracy, and precision of instruments over time. That way, a measurement made today can be compared with one made a year later. Because standards must be checked over long periods, labs often need large amounts of material. Many chemical standards can be bought from companies such as Sigma-Aldrich and Fisher. But some natural compounds needed for paleoclimatic...

extraction of biomarkers from sediments - accelerated solvent extraction

extraction-of-biomarkers-from-sediments-accelerated-solvent-extraction

Sediment biomarkers can help scientists reconstruct past air and water temperatures. In this method, a group of organic biomarkers called glycerol-dialkyl glycerol-tetraethers, or GDGTs, is studied in modern sediments and in older sediment layers of known age. GDGTs are produced by a suite of archaea and bacteria. Their distribution changes in a predictable way in response to temperature. That pattern lets researchers use sediment records to track how climate changed over time. These...

conversion of fatty acid methyl esters by saponification for uk'37 paleothermometry

conversion-fatty-acid-methyl-esters-saponification-for-uk-37

Saponification for Cleaner GC-FID Analysis

Saponification helps clean up complex lipid samples before gas chromatography analysis. A total lipid extract, or TLE, from an organic solvent extraction can contain hundreds or even thousands of compounds. Researchers may only need a few target compounds. They may also need to remove unwanted material that gets in the way or co-elutes, meaning it comes off the gas chromatograph at the same time as another compound. This sample cleanup supports measurement on a gas chromatograph coupled to a...

purification of a total lipid extract with column chromatography

purification-of-a-total-lipid-extract-with-column-chromatography

Separating Lipid Classes by Column Chromatography

Column chromatography is used to separate lipid classes in a total lipid extract. A total lipid extract, or TLE, is often a complex mixture made up of hundreds or even thousands of compounds. Researchers may only need a few target compounds, so they remove the compounds they are not studying. Those target compounds can belong to different classes, including alkanes, ketones, alcohols, and acids. In some studies, a sample may contain many compounds, but only a small set matters for analysis.

removal of branched and cyclic compounds by urea adduction for uk'37 paleothermometry

removal-branched-cyclic-compounds-urea-adduction-for-uk-37

Urea Adduction Separates Lipid Shapes

Urea adduction separates straight-chain lipids from branched and cyclic compounds in a total lipid extract. Researchers use this step when they want only a small set of target molecules from a sample that may contain hundreds or even thousands of compounds. For paleothermometry, the target compounds are the alkenones used in U k'37 and the isoprenoidal glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers, or GDGTs, used in MBT/CBT. Together, these organic paleothermometers depend on only six compounds: two...

earth science

该系列专题包括地质学、地球化学等。各种示范, 包括矿物的物理化学性质和岩石形成的分析。

See how magma becomes volcanic rock as it cools at Earth’s surface, and learn the three main ways magma forms inside Earth.

How Volcanic Rock Forms From Lava | JoVE K12

ESS.EES.2.2

ESS.EES.2.4

ESS.EES.2.5

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Earth and Space Science

3.3.9-12.I

History of Earth

3.3.9-12.F

3.3.9-12.G

3.3.9-12.J

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Earth’s Place In The Universe

HS-ESS1-5

HS-ESS1-6

Earth’s Systems

HS-ESS2-1

HS-ESS2-3

Human Sustainability

HS-ESS3-1

Environmental Science

HS-ESS2-5

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Physical Geology

igneous-metamorphic-and-sedimentary-rocks

Igneous, Metamorphic And Sedimentary Rocks

Igneous

Metamorphic

Earth's History

The geologic rock record

Plate Tectonics

Internal Earth

Structure of Earth

Plate motion

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

ES.4

ES.4.b

ES.4.c

ES.5

ES.5.a

ES.5.b

ES.5.c

ES.5.d

ES.7

ES.7.a

ES.7.b

ES.7.c

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

Earth Systems Science

112.49.c.6.

112.49.c.6.A.

112.49.c.7.

112.49.c.7.B.

112.49.c.8.

112.49.c.8.G.

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

Life Science

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

HS-LS2-6

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12.ESS.2.4.a

9-12.ESS.2.6.b

9-12.EVS.3.5

Astronomy

112.48.c.13.

112.48.c.13.A.

Next Generation Science Standards

Earth’s Place in the Universe

HS-ESS2-2

Earth and Human Activity

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.E.6

SC.912.E.6.1

SC.912.E.6.3

SC.912.E.6.4

Georgia Standards of Excellence

Geology

The Rock Cycle

SG2.b

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

Earth and Space Science (ESS)

E-ESS1-5.

E-ESS1-6.

E-ESS2-1.

E-ESS2-3.

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

Earth and Space Sciences

HS-ESS1-5.

HS-ESS1-6.

HS-ESS2-1.

HS-ESS3-1.

Oceanography

SO2.

SO2.2

Alan Lester

University of Colorado Boulder

Overview

Principles of Volcanic Rock Formation

Construction of a CO2 Volcano

Lava Layering

Applications

Summary

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Igneous rocks are the products of cooling and crystallization of magma. Volcanic rocks ...

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among ...

Igneous Intrusive Rock

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Igneous rocks are products of the cooling and crystallization of high temperature ...

Using Topographic Maps to Generate Topographic Profiles

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Topographic maps are &#34;plan-view&#34; representations of Earth&#39;s ...

Determining Spatial Orientation of Rock Layers with the Brunton Compass

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Most rock units exhibit some form of planar surfaces or linear features. Examples ...

Use models to explain how mantle convection powers plate tectonics.

Analyze how the geosphere is shaped by plate tectonics and the rock cycle.

How Volcanic Rock Forms From Lava

Description

Transcript

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