Name: glassware care for cleaner reactions
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T06:54:58.000Z
Duration: 7 min 30 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

High School

Physics

PHYS.1

PHYS.1.D

Cleaning Glassware

一般注意事项：尽管以下某些清洗溶液对皮肤接触无害，但始终建议佩戴耐化学腐蚀手套、实验服和护目用具。
1. 所有玻璃器皿的一般操作步骤
注意：本方法适用于搅拌子、刮刀、漏斗及其他可重复使用的设备。也可与下文所述的其他任何清洗方法结合使用。
<ol>
	<li>为去除多余的有机油污，用丙酮等有机溶剂短暂冲洗玻璃器皿。丙酮冲洗液应倒入有机废液容器中。</li>
	<li>用温自来水配合合适的刷子和肥皂水擦洗曲面玻璃器皿内部。</li>
	<li>用温自来水冲去肥皂泡沫。</li>
	<li>为避免硬水残留痕迹，使用去离子水或反渗透水冲洗自来水残留。</li>
	<li>再次用丙酮冲洗以去除水分。此步骤有助于加快玻璃器皿的干燥过程。</li>
</ol>
2. 普通酸洗
注意：某些有机残留物、金属盐和附着的碱可用弱酸溶液去除。使用完毕后，非氧化性酸可稀释后倒入下水道处理（例如，盐酸）。其他酸类，如乙酸（一种有机酸），应先中和后再加入水性液体废液容器中。通常使用碳酸氢钠来淬灭和中和酸，因为该反应本身具有可视指示：碳酸氢钠与酸反应会产生 CO₂ 气泡，直至反应完全。2 气体，因此冒泡表明溶液中仍有酸存在。当加入碳酸氢钠后不再观察到冒泡时，说明溶液已中和。上述溶液可全部倒入水性废液容器中。
<ol>
	<li>配制 1 M 的盐酸（水溶液）或 5% v/v 的乙酸溶液，使用去离子水或反渗透水。</li>
	<li>在通风橱内，将适量酸性清洗液加入玻璃器皿中，旋转溶液使其覆盖污渍区域。必要时可使用清洗刷、移液器、刮刀或超声处理辅助清洗。</li>
	<li>在将酸洗液排入废液前，需先进行中和处理（可用碳酸氢钠溶液中和酸）。</li>
	<li>按照上述通用方法清洗玻璃器皿。</li>
</ol>
3. 碱浴
注意：通常情况下，如果某件玻璃器皿无法用酸和肥皂水清洗干净，可尝试将其浸泡在碱液中。该碱液具有强碱性和腐蚀性，操作时应小心避免溅洒。少量溅出可用大量水彻底冲洗干净；大量泄漏可用乙酸中和后清理。使用后的碱液应经中和处理，并作为水溶液废液丢弃。
注意：不应使用碱性溶液清洗玻璃砂芯漏斗。
<ol>
	<li>在指定的清洁桶中（例如，6加仑油漆桶）中，加入约2 M 氢氧化钾（KOH）的异丙醇（IPA；2-丙醇）溶液。可使用甲醇或乙醇替代异丙醇。使用瓶盖以减缓蒸发。</li>
	<li>按照上述通用方法清洗玻璃器皿。</li>
	<li>仔细将玻璃器皿浸入碱性清洗液中，确保尽可能去除所有气泡（最好浸泡过夜）。</li>
	<li>从桶中取出玻璃器皿时，将器皿内的碱液倒回桶中。然后用去离子水或反渗透水在水槽中冲洗玻璃器皿，以去除残留的碱溶液。</li>
	<li>用丙酮干燥。</li>
</ol>
4. 王水
注意：王水以其溶解金属的特性而闻名。这种酸洗液具有强酸性、强氧化性和腐蚀性。操作时应小心避免任何泼洒或皮肤接触。少量接触皮肤会引起瘙痒，必须在流水下彻底冲洗15分钟。严重泼洒可用NaHCO3（碳酸氢钠）中和后清理。王水会释放烟雾，应在通风橱内操作。它还能腐蚀不锈钢。在将王水加入含水废液之前，应先用碳酸氢钠中和。
<ol>
	<li>使用硝酸与盐酸按 3:1 比例（HNO3:HCl）配制少量王水。 
	注意：两种酸均为无色，但混合后会产生烟雾并变为深橙色。</li>
	<li>用移液器或小心倾倒的方式加入王水，并轻轻旋转以溶解残留金属。</li>
	<li>将大部分王水倒入第二个容器中，该容器中的废液应作为水相废液进行处理和处置。</li>
	<li>按照上述通用方法清洗玻璃器皿。</li>
</ol>
5. 清洁玻璃磨口接头
注意：磨口接头容易卡住。防止此问题的一种方法是确保所有接头都保持清洁。清洁的磨砂玻璃接头外观呈霜白色。透明的接头通常表明存在少量油污和油脂，可能污染光谱数据和目标化合物。
<img alt="烧瓶对比：洁净与不洁净的玻璃器皿，突出实验室清洁标准。" src="/files/ftp_upload/10342/10342fig1.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1761830439000" data-alt="图1">
<ol>
	<li>使用上述方法之一清洗玻璃器皿后，清洁磨口接头。</li>
	<li>清洁磨口接头的内部（这可能较困难）。最佳方法是使用浸有乙酸乙酯（EtOAc）的纸巾和一把小刮刀。</li>
	<li>用浸有乙酸乙酯的纸巾擦拭磨口接头的外部，即可轻松清洁。</li>
	<li>将纸巾尖端蘸取少量乙酸乙酯，并用刮刀清理接头边缘。</li>
	<li>观察到乙酸乙酯在数秒内蒸发，暴露出霜白色磨砂玻璃表面。 
	注意：其他挥发性溶剂也可使用，例如正己烷。但乙酸乙酯比正己烷更环保且更安全。</li>
</ol>
6. 去除水分
注意：某些反应对水极为敏感。即使空气中的微量水分也可能导致反应失败。因此，必须除去水分，并防止外部空气进入玻璃器皿内部。一些玻璃器皿（如回流冷凝管）较为脆弱，不能承受真空，因此建议优先使用烘箱。需注意，用于固定两个玻璃部件接头的Keck夹通常由塑料制成，若接触高温会发生熔化。
<ol>
	<li>使用以下三种方法之一充分加热玻璃器皿以去除水分： 
	a. 烘箱（适用于玻璃器皿） 
	b. 热风枪 
	c. 明火加热</li>
	<li>若使用热风枪或明火加热，需将玻璃器皿置于真空下（连同搅拌子）。此操作可在干燥过程中将水蒸气从烧瓶中抽出。</li>
	<li>若使用烘箱，将玻璃器皿连同搅拌子放入烘箱，加热约30–60分钟（或更长时间）。取出时需佩戴隔热手套，并迅速用隔膜盖紧玻璃器皿，同时在玻璃器皿仍处于高温时通入氮气。氮气有助于排除外部空气（其中含有少量水蒸气）；此步骤必须在玻璃器皿高温时进行，以确保水蒸气仍处于气相状态。若让其冷却，水蒸气将在玻璃表面冷凝。</li>
	<li>待玻璃器皿冷却至可安全触摸时，即可进行反应装置操作（此时玻璃器皿内部已充满惰性气体，不应含有水分）。</li>
</ol>

遵循玻璃器皿清洗的规范，化学工作者可以专注于化学实验本身，而不必过多担心器皿污染问题。上述方案演示了如何使用温热的肥皂水、酸洗、碱浴和王水清洗玻璃器皿，以及如何干燥器皿，并提供了清洗磨口玻璃接头的建议。文中还简要讨论了清洗液的处置方法。这些玻璃器皿清洗步骤适用于各种类型的玻璃器皿，包括但不限于：圆底烧瓶、锥形瓶、分液漏斗、色谱柱、搅拌子、药匙、漏斗、滤器、量筒、烧杯、施伦克烧瓶和试管。

确保玻璃器皿的洁净不仅限于有机化学实验台上的良好操作规范。通常情况下，无论在化学及科学领域内外的各种应用中，使用洁净的设备都至关重要。在每种情况下，都必须考虑被清洗物品的材质以及所需的清洗工具。
我们在日常生活中使用简单的酸性和碱性溶液来清洁物品。例如，厨师需要清洁锅具，而这些锅具在清洗后并不需要用丙酮处理，通常用温热的肥皂水即可去除黏附的油脂。有趣的是，有人建议用醋煮脏锅以实现深度清洁，这并不令人意外，因为醋酸是醋的主要成分。此外，小苏打是碳酸钠，也是一种常见的家用清洁用品。
<p class="jove_conten...

清洗玻璃器皿

来源：Vy M. Dong 和 Daniel Kim，加利福尼亚大学欧文分校化学系，加利福尼亚州，欧文市
有机合成旨在将一种易得的试剂转化为更有价值的产物。洁净的玻璃器皿对这一过程的效率至关重要。脏污的玻璃器皿可能影响反应，并使最终产物的分离更加困难。因此，合成化学家必须保持玻璃器皿的清洁。本文所述方法将详细介绍常规用于去除有机物、金属、油脂和盐类的各种玻璃器皿清洗技术。

在有机化学实验中，清洁玻璃器皿是一项简单而基础的操作。掌握如何去除顽固污渍、残留物和污染物的知识，能够确保实验人员在使用玻璃器皿时无需担心污染问题，从而增强实验信心。

来源：Vy M. Dong 和 Daniel Kim，加利福尼亚大学欧文分校化学系，加利福尼亚州，美国  
有机合成旨在将易得的……

洁净的玻璃器皿对于化学合成的效率和效果至关重要。有机合成旨在将一种易得的试剂转化为更有价值的产物。任何污染源，例如不洁净的玻璃器皿，都可能影响反应，使最终产物的分离变得更加困难。即使玻璃器皿看起来干净，也不意味着它真的干净。如有疑问，应将其清洗。 本视频将演示用于有机化学反应的玻璃器皿的多种基本清洗方法。我们将从一种用于清洗所有玻璃器皿的通用方法开始介绍。首先，用有机溶剂（如丙酮）冲洗玻璃器皿，以去除任何过量的有机油污。将此冲洗液倒入适当的安全容器中。接下来，将温的自来水与肥皂混合。用此溶液和合适的刷子刷洗玻璃器皿内部。然后用温的自来水冲洗，以去除肥皂泡沫。用去离子水冲洗，以去除自来水残留，避免产生硬水污渍。最后，用丙酮冲洗玻璃器皿，以除去去离子水并加快干燥过程。当无需特定去除残留物的方法时，仅此步骤已足够。当需要特定去除残留物技术时，在去除残留物后，仍需采用此常规方法进行后续处理。某些有机残留物、金属盐和附着的碱需要使用弱酸清洗。使用完毕后，非氧化性酸可直接倒入下水道。而有机酸则必须经过中和，并置于水基液体废物容器中。首先，用去离子水配制 1 M 的盐酸溶液。然后，在通风橱内，将部分该酸溶液加入待清洗的玻璃器皿中。确保摇动溶液使其接触污垢区域。操作完成后，应妥善处理废酸溶液。最后，按照所有玻璃器皿通用清洗步骤，用肥皂水清洗玻璃器皿。当弱酸清洗和肥皂水效果不足时，将玻璃器皿浸泡在碱性浴液中可能会有所帮助。操作时需格外小心，因为该浴液具有强碱性和腐蚀性，可能会影响精密校准的玻璃器皿。首先，将异丙醇中的2 M氢氧化钾溶液加入指定的清洗桶中。接着，为了延长碱浴的使用寿命，请先使用常规的“肥皂水”方法清洗玻璃器皿。然后，小心地将玻璃器皿放入碱浴中，并确保尽可能排出其中的空气。将玻璃器皿浸泡过夜。之后，小心地将玻璃器皿从桶中取出，并将碱液倒回桶中。用去离子水冲洗。碱液浴可在更换前多次使用。最后，用丙酮将玻璃器皿干燥。当存在残留金属时，可能需要使用王水。应注意，这种酸洗液具有强酸性、氧化性和腐蚀性，可腐蚀不锈钢。首先，通过将硝酸与盐酸按3比1的比例混合，制备少量王水。这些酸原本无色，但混合后会产生烟雾并变为深橙色。接下来，用移液器将混合液加入脏的玻璃器皿中。轻轻旋转以溶解残留的金属。然后，将王水倒入单独的容器中进行处理。使用碳酸氢钠中和用过的王水，然后将中和后的溶液倒入废液容器中。按照通用方法，用肥皂水清洗玻璃器皿。如果清洗不当，玻璃磨口接头很容易卡住。清洁的玻璃接头表面呈磨砂状。而脏的接头通常呈透明状，表明被油或油脂污染。首先，使用适当的方法清洗玻璃器皿。然后，用浸有乙酸乙酯的纸巾和小刮刀清洁接口的内部、外部及边缘。此后，让玻璃器皿晾干。对于对水敏感的反应，驱除水分并限制与外界空气接触至关重要。尽管有多种去除水分的方法，但使用烘箱是最安全且首选的方法。首先，将玻璃器皿放入烘箱中。打开烘箱，将玻璃器皿留在其中加热30至60分钟。之后，使用防烫手套取出玻璃器皿。迅速用隔垫密封。在玻璃器皿仍然温热时，通入氮气。待玻璃器皿冷却后，内部将充满不含水蒸气的惰性气氛。此时玻璃器皿已可使用。在介绍了实验室器皿清洗最常用的技术之后，我们将讨论一些具体示例。高纯度产物的成功合成依赖于经过适当清洗的玻璃器皿。在此示例中，首先合成金属纳米颗粒，然后将其封装于多种类型的聚合物中。首先，使用王水处理法清洗玻璃器皿，然后在其中合成金纳米颗粒。随后，通过离心分离纳米颗粒。随后将分离的纳米颗粒转移至含有PSPAA溶液的玻璃小瓶中进行包封。在尝试定量目标化合物时，清洁的玻璃器皿在许多领域中也非常重要。例如，在调查犯罪现场时，仪器的清洁至关重要。如果未彻底清洁，污染物可能导致数据不可靠。您刚刚观看了 JoVE 关于玻璃器皿清洗的简介。现在您应该了解酸洗、碱浴以及所有玻璃器皿的一般清洗步骤。感谢观看！

Education

教育

JoVE Science Education

Chemistry

化学

Organic Chemistry II

有机化学 II

清洁玻璃器皿

glassware care for cleaner reactions

Clean glassware is important in organic synthesis. Organic synthesis turns a readily available reagent into a more valuable product. When glassware is dirty, it can affect the reaction and make it harder to isolate the final product.

This lesson shows how chemists keep glassware spotless for better lab work. It covers cleaning methods used to remove organics, metals, grease, and salts. These steps help reduce contamination before and during synthesis.

Glassware Care for Cleaner Reactions

cleaning glassware

Clean glassware is important in organic synthesis. Organic synthesis turns a readily available reagent into a more valuable product. When glassware is dirty, it can affect the reaction and make it harder to isolate the final product. This lesson shows how chemists keep glassware spotless for better lab work. It covers cleaning methods used to remove organics, metals, grease, and salts. These steps help reduce contamination before and during synthesis.

nucleophilic substitution

SN1 vs SN2 Reaction Pathways

Nucleophilic substitution reactions replace a leaving group on a carbon atom with a nucleophile. A nucleophile is an electron-rich Lewis base. These reactions are a core idea in organic chemistry, and they help explain how many carbon-based compounds change. This lesson compares the two main pathways, SN1 and SN2. SN1 means substitution, nucleophilic, first-order kinetics. SN2 means substitution, nucleophilic, second-order kinetics. The video shows the subtle differences between these reaction...

reducing agents

Carbonyl Reduction with IR Monitoring

Carbonyl reduction with IR monitoring shows how chemists track a reaction while choosing the right reducing reagent. The focus is on controlling reactivity and selectivity during molecule synthesis. That balance helps chemists pick reagents for a specific task. The experiment uses carbonyl compounds to study their reactivity. It also examines hydride-reducing reagents, which donate hydride ions during reduction. IR spectroscopy is used to follow the reaction as it happens. This lets students...

grignard reaction

Building Carbon-Carbon Bonds with Grignard Reagents

Grignard reagents are useful organometallic compounds for building carbon-carbon bonds. This experiment shows how to make a Grignard reagent from magnesium and an alkyl halide. It then uses that reagent in a reaction with a carbonyl compound. A nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl is carried out to form a secondary alcohol. This step shows a common use of Grignard reagents in organic synthesis. The reaction demonstrates how a new carbon-carbon bond can be formed during the process.

n-butyllithium titration

Measuring n-Butyllithium Before Reactions

n-Butyllithium must be measured carefully before it is used in a chemical reaction. This experiment shows a simple titration method for finding its accurate concentration. The reagent is an organolithium compound, so it needs special handling in the lab. n-Butyllithium is very sensitive to air and moisture. If it is exposed to either one, its quality can change. For that reason, the titration should be done regularly before the reagent is added to a reaction. The procedure also includes...

dean-stark trap

Removing Water During Reactions

A Dean-Stark trap is special glassware used to remove water during a reaction. It collects water by azeotropic distillation, which separates water along with vapor from the reaction mixture. In many reactions, collecting water is useful because it can push the equilibrium toward the products. This matters in reversible reactions that make water as a byproduct. According to Le Chatelier's principle, a change in temperature, pressure, concentration, or volume causes a reversible reaction to...

ozonolysis of alkenes

Using Ozone to Make Vanillin

Ozone can be used to break an alkene and form useful carbonyl products. In this chemistry experiment, ozonolysis is shown by making vanillin from isoeugenol. Ozonolysis is an oxidation reaction between ozone and an alkene. It is a common method for preparing aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids. The reaction in this demonstration shows how a carbon-carbon double bond can be cut and converted into a smaller product. The experiment also highlights two important lab tools and conditions. It...

organocatalysis

Enamine Catalysis in Organic Reactions

Organocatalysis uses small organic molecules to speed up chemical reactions. In this experiment, the reaction setup shows how enamine catalysis works. The catalyst is used in substoichiometric amounts, so only a small amount is needed to drive the reaction forward. This approach is different from transition metal catalysis and biocatalysis. Transition metal catalysis uses metals as catalysts, while biocatalysis uses enzymes. Organocatalysis offers a separate path for making reactions happen. <br...

palladium-catalyzed cross coupling

Building Carbon-Carbon Bonds with Palladium

Palladium-catalyzed cross coupling is a key method for building carbon-carbon bonds in organic chemistry. This experiment shows the concept behind that chemistry and the setup of a typical reaction. These reactions have changed how synthetic chemists make molecules. They help chemists form bonds in new and more efficient ways. Because of that, palladium-catalyzed cross coupling is widely used in the fine chemical and pharmaceutical industries. For high school students, this reaction shows how...

solid phase synthesis

Peptide Building on Solid Supports

Solid-phase synthesis builds a target compound while the starting molecule stays attached to a solid support. In Merrifield's method, the reactant molecule is bound to a resin and then carried through a series of chemical reactions. This Nobel Prize winning approach is especially useful for making compounds step by step. A key advantage of solid-phase synthesis is easy cleanup after each reaction. Excess reagents and byproducts can be washed away because the target compound remains bound to...

hydrogenation

Chalcone Hydrogenation with Pd/C

Chalcone hydrogenation is shown as an example of an alkene hydrogenation reaction. The experiment converts chalcone into 3-phenylpropiophenone. It highlights how hydrogen can add across a carbon-carbon double bond under catalytic conditions. Palladium on carbon, or Pd/C, is used as a heterogeneous catalyst. A heterogeneous catalyst is one that is in a different phase from the reactants. In this setup, a balloon supplies the hydrogen atmosphere needed for the reaction.

polymerization

Polymers and Nylon in Everyday Life

Polymers are made of macromolecules built from repeating units called monomeric units. These large molecules are an important part of modern life. They appear in many everyday materials. One of the first important polymers was nylon. Nylon is a polyamide, which means it has amide groups in its structure. It became widely used in products such as toothbrushes and stockings.

melting point

Melting Point of Crystalline Solids

The melting point of a crystalline solid is an important property in chemistry. It helps identify how a solid behaves when it changes from a crystal to a liquid. Melting point can also be used to check the purity of a known compound. A pure sample usually melts at a characteristic temperature range, which makes this property useful for comparison. In addition, the melting point gives important information about the stability of the crystals that form. For this reason, it is a key measurement...

infrared spectroscopy

IR Spectroscopy for Unknown Compound ID

Infrared spectroscopy helps identify an unknown compound by showing which functional groups are present. It uses infrared (IR) light, so it is also called vibrational spectroscopy. The spectrum gives a pattern that can be compared with known group signals to narrow down the compound's identity. In this experiment, an IR spectrometer is used to collect the spectrum of a neat sample of the unknown. The sample is analyzed with attenuated total reflection, or ATR, sampling. This method makes it...

polarimeter

Optical Rotation with a Polarimeter

A polarimeter measures the optical rotation of a sample. Optical rotation is the amount that a sample turns polarized light. This makes the instrument useful for studying substances that are optically active. Optically active samples rotate the plane of polarized light in one of two directions. A clockwise rotation is called dextrorotatory and is labeled d or (+). A counterclockwise rotation is called levorotatory and is labeled l or (−).

organic chemistry ii

本集涵盖了在更高级的水平上进行合成所必需的理论和反应。此外, 一些视频介绍了常用的方法来分析反应产物, 如红外光谱和旋。

Learn why clean glassware matters in organic synthesis and how chemists remove organics, metals, grease, and salts to support cleaner reactions.

Glassware Care for Cleaner Reactions | JoVE K12

Chemistry and Physics

IPC.1

IPC.1.D

Vy Dong

Overview

Techniques for Cleaning Glassware

Applications

Observational Research

Source: Laboratories of Gary Lewandowski, Dave Strohmetz, and Natalie Ciarocco&#8212;Monmouth University

If you want to know how someone thinks or feels, ...

Solving Problems in Physics

Problem-solving is the ability to apply general physical principles to specific situations, usually expressed by equations. It is an essential skill in ...

how-children-solve-problems-using-causal-reasoning

How Children Solve Problems Using Causal Reasoning

Source: Laboratories of Judith Danovitch and Nicholaus Noles&#8212;University of Louisville
Imagine a young child hears an adult say, &#8220;I want to ...

Naturalistic Observations

If you want to understand how behavior occurs, one of the best ways to gain information is to simply observe the behavior in its natural context. However, ...

Models, Theories, and Laws

Scientists frequently use models to help them comprehend a specific collection of phenomena. In physics, a model is a condensed version of a physical ...

/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14686.jpg

The Scientific Method

The scientific method is a detailed, empirical problem-solving process used by biologists and other scientists. This iterative approach involves ...

Observational Learning

Observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when an individual observes and replicates another&#39;s behavior.
The Bobo doll ...

Perspectives on Cognitive Psychology

Source: Laboratory of Jonathan Flombaum&#8212;Johns Hopkins University

As an Assistant Professor of Psychology and Cognitive Science at Johns Hopkins ...

Case Studies

There are many research methods available to psychologists in their efforts to understand, describe, and explain behavior and the cognitive and biological ...

Ask questions and define problems based on observations or information from text, phenomena, models, or investigations

PHYS.1.A

Study Design in Statistics

A study design is a set of techniques that allow a researcher to collect and analyze data from different variables defined for a specific research ...

Experimental Designs

An experimental design is a systematic process that allows researchers to evaluate the relationship between dependent and independent variables. There are ...

Realism in Experimentation

Source: Laboratories of Gary Lewandowski, Dave Strohmetz, and Natalie Ciarocco&#8212;Monmouth University

In an ideal world researchers would conduct ...

Data Collection by Experiments

Data collection is a systematic method of obtaining, observing, measuring, and analyzing accurate information. An experimental study is a standard method ...

Scientific Method

Observation and Background Research
ExpandNOTE: The first two steps in the scientific process involve studying and observing natural phenomena of ...

The Scientific Method in Nursing Process

The scientific method provides the foundation for any research. It is the most reliable and objective of all forms of gaining knowledge and guides in ...

Observational Studies

Observational studies are a type of analytical study where researchers observe events without any interventions. In other words, the researcher does not ...

Study Designs in Epidemiology

Consider an example of testing calcium&#39;s effect on a woman&#39;s bone weight.
In an ideal study design, the same woman would be observed in two ...

What is an Experiment?

An experiment is a planned activity carried out under controlled conditions. The purpose of an experiment is to investigate the relationship between two ...

Categories and Inductive Inferences

Source: Laboratories of Nicholaus Noles and Judith Danovitch&#8212;University of Louisville
It might be possible for the human brain to keep track of each ...

from-theory-to-design-the-role-of-creativity-in-designing-experiments

From Theory to Design: The Role of Creativity in Designing Experiments

Source: Laboratories of Gary Lewandowski, Dave Strohmetz, and Natalie Ciarocco&#8212;Monmouth University

Research studies come into being when a ...

Apply scientific practices to plan and conduct descriptive, comparative, and experimental investigations, and use engineering practices to design solutions to problems

PHYS.1.B

guidelines-in-case-of-a-laboratory-emergency

Guidelines in Case of a Laboratory Emergency

Robert M. Rioux &amp; Zhifeng Chen, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
The most common laboratory emergencies include chemical spills, ...

electrical-safety-precautions-and-basic-equipment

Electrical Safety Precautions and Basic Equipment

Source: Ali Bazzi, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT.
Electric machines and power electronics experiments ...

Electrical Safety

Robert M. Rioux &amp; Suprita Jharimune, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Among the many hazards present in the laboratory, electrical ...

Emergency Eyewash and Shower Stations

Robert M. Rioux, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) mandates that an emergency ...

Use appropriate safety equipment and practices during laboratory, classroom, and field investigations as outlined in Texas Education Agency-approved safety standards

PHYS.1.C

Common Lab Glassware and Uses

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Neal Abrams &#8212; SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry
Glassware is a regular appearance in the professional ...

Lab Techniques

Source: Smaa Koraym at Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA

	Determining the Density of an EggExpand
	Density is a measure of how compact a substance or ...

Scientific Measurement and Lab Skills

Source: Smaa Koraym at Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA

	Measuring Diameter and CircumferenceExpand
	Error can be introduced in any experiment, even ...

Source: Vy M. Dong and Daniel Kim, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA
Organic synthesis is about transforming a readily ...

Proper Lab Notebook Keeping

Source: Lara Al Hariri and Ahmed Basabrain at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, USA

	Nitration of Methyl BenzoateExpand
	From this lab onward, ...

sample-preparation-for-analytical-characterization

Sample Preparation for Analytical Characterization

Source: Laboratory of Dr. B. Jill Venton - University of Virginia
Sample preparation is the way in which&#160;a sample is treated to prepare&#160;for ...

Making Solutions in the Laboratory

The ability to successfully make solutions is a basic laboratory skill performed in virtually all biological and chemical experiments.  A solution is a ...

Use appropriate tools such as balances, ballistic carts or equivalent, batteries, computers, constant velocity cars, convex lenses, copper wire, discharge tubes with power supply (H, He, Ne, Ar), data acquisition probes and software, dynamics and force demonstration equipment, electrostatic generators, electrostatic kits, friction blocks, graph paper, graphing technology, hand-held visual spectroscopes, inclined planes, iron filings, lab masses, laser pointers, magnets, magnetic compasses, metric rulers, motion detectors, multimeters (current, voltage, resistance), optics bench, optics kit, photogates, plane mirrors, prisms, protractors, pulleys, resistors, rope or string, scientific calculators, stopwatches, springs, spring scales, switches, tuning forks, wave generators, or other equipment and materials that will produce the same results.

Units and Standards of Measurement

A physical quantity is defined either by specifying its measurement method or by stating how it is calculated from other measurements. For example, ...

International System of Units

The International System of Units, known as the SI system, is a universally accepted measurement system recognized and used worldwide. The SI system is ...

Base Quantities and Derived Quantities

In any system of units, the units for some physical quantities must be specified through a measurement process. These measurements are the base quantities ...

How Data are Classified: Numerical Data

Data that are countable or measurable in specific units are called numerical or quantitative data. Quantitative data are always numbers. Quantitative data ...

Quantitative Analysis

Quantitative analysis is a technique for measuring the amount of specific constituents in a sample. When the sample&#39;s composition is unknown, ...

Qualitative Analysis

Qualitative analysis is the process of identifying elements, ions, or compounds in an unknown sample. It is the first and most fundamental type of ...

Collect quantitative data using the International System of Units (SI) and qualitative data as evidence

PHYS.1.E

Review and Preview

Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative ...

Ogive Graph

An ogive graph is sometimes called a cumulative frequency polygon. It is one type of frequency polygon that shows cumulative frequency. In other words, ...

Histogram

The histogram is a graphical representation in the x-y form of data distribution in a data set. The horizontal x-axis is labeled with what the data ...

Relative Frequency Histogram

The relative frequency depicts the proportion of data points that have each value. The frequency tells the number of data points that have each value. ...

Scatter Plot

The most common and easiest way to display the relationship between two variables, x and y, is a scatter plot. A scatter plot shows the direction of a ...

Time-Series Graph

A time-series graph is a line graph with repeated measurements taken at successive intervals of time. It is also called a time series chart. To construct ...

Bar Graph

A bar graph is also called a bar chart and consists of bars that are separated from each other. It either uses horizontal or vertical bars to show ...

Multiple Bar Graph

As the name suggests, a multiple bar graph is the same as a bar graph but has multiple bars to depict relationships between different data values. One can ...

Pareto Chart

A Pareto chart is a bar graph or a combination of both line and bar graphs. The bar lengths represent the individual values or the frequency, while the ...

Pie Chart

A pie chart (or a pie graph) is a circular graphical chart or a pictorial representation of categorical data. It is divided into slices of pie each ...

Life Tables

A life table or a mortality table represents the survival patterns of a population.
It comprises multiple columns, each serving a practical purpose, ...

Contingency Table

A contingency table provides a way of portraying data that can facilitate calculating probabilities. It is a method of displaying a frequency distribution ...

Organize quantitative and qualitative data using bar charts, line graphs, scatter plots, data tables, labeled diagrams, and conceptual mathematical relationships

PHYS.1.F

Basic Concept

Engineering mechanics is a branch of engineering that studies motion and the forces acting on objects. It is a fundamental subject and forms the basis of ...

Problem Solving in Statics

Problem-solving in statics is a crucial aspect of engineering and physics that involves resolving issues associated with bodies in a state of equilibrium. ...

Free-body Diagrams: Problem Solving

Free-body diagrams are essential tools for physicists and engineers studying the motion of objects. Free-body diagrams are graphical representations of ...

Equilibrium and Free-body Diagrams

Source: Ketron Mitchell-Wynne, PhD, Asantha Cooray, PhD, Department of Physics &#38; Astronomy, School of Physical Sciences, University of California, ...

Develop and use models to represent phenomena, systems, processes, or solutions to engineering problems

IPC.1.G

Scientific and engineering practices. The student, for at least 40% of instructional time, asks questions, identifies problems, and plans and safely conducts classroom, laboratory, and field investigations to answer questions, explain phenomena, or design solutions using appropriate tools and models. The student is expected to:

Glassware Care for Cleaner Reactions

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