Name: leaf pigment prep for chromatography labs
Uploaded: 2019-01-31T09:26:22.000Z
Duration: 1 min 27 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.3.2

Photosynthesis

<ul><li><a href="#" data-time="4">植物色素层析与真空条件下的浮叶圆片</a></li></ul>

<ul class="lab-items"><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="色谱柱联排管（18 X 3-4 cm 联排管）">色谱柱联排管（18 X 3-4 cm 联排管）</div>
								<div class="成分量">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="色谱溶剂（90%石油醚& 10%丙酮，10毫升）>"色谱溶剂（90%石油醚&10%丙酮，10毫升）</div>
								<div class="成分量">
									<span class="amount" data-value="50">50</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value="mL">mL</span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="管道清洁器">管道清洁器</div>
								<div class="成分量">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="塑料一次性注射器 （20 mL）">塑料一次性注射器 （20 mL）</div>
								<div class="成分量">
									<span class="amount" data-value="10">10</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="回形针">回形针</div>
								<div class="成分量">
									<span class="amount" data-value="10">10</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="培培菜 ">培培菜 </div>
								<div class="成分量">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="塑料/玻璃烧杯 （400 mL）">塑料/玻璃烧杯 （400 mL）</div>
								<div class="成分量">
									<span class="amount" data-value="15">15</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="打孔 ">打孔 </div>
								<div class="成分量">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="标尺">标尺</div>
								<div class="成分量">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="永久标记">永久标记</div>
								<div class="成分量">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="铅笔">铅笔</div>
								<div class="成分量">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="Dawn 洗洁精 （1 瓶）">Dawn 洗洁精 （1 瓶）</div>
								<div class="成分量">
									<span class="amount" data-value="1">1</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value="per station">每个站点</span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="菠菜叶 ">菠菜叶 </div>
								<div class="成分量">
									<span class="amount" data-value="-1">-1</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value="取决于实验室大小">取决于实验室大小 </span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="碳酸氢钠/小苏打">碳酸氢钠/小苏打</div>
								<div class="成分量">
									<span class="amount" data-value="-1">-1</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value="取决于实验室大小">取决于实验室大小 </span>
								</div>
							</li></ul>

光合作用

<ol class="note-items"><li data-note-item="1" data-parent-collapse="">植物色素色谱法与真空中的浮叶圆片
<button class="expand">展开</button><ul class="lab-items"><li data-sub-note-item="1-1"><div class="lab-step">实验前一天，用一个容器装满水。
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-2"><div class="lab-step">将菠菜叶片放入水中，并确保其完全浸没。
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-3"><div class="lab-step">在室温下浸泡菠菜叶片过夜。
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-4"><div class="lab-step">戴上手套，裁剪并量取尺寸为 18 cm × 304 cm 的色谱纸条。
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-5"><div class="lab-step">为第二个实验配制碳酸氢盐溶液：将 0.25 g NaHCO₃ 与 300 mL 水混合，加入一滴洗洁精，轻轻搅拌混匀。
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-6"><div class="lab-step">如果溶液仍有较多泡沫，可添加更多碳酸氢盐。
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-7"><div class="lab-step">对照溶液的配制：将 300 mL 水与一滴洗洁精混合，轻轻搅拌，尽量避免产生泡沫。
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-8"><div class="lab-step">在实验即将开始前，选取几片质地和厚度相近、大叶脉较少的菠菜叶片。
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-9"><div class="lab-step">使用打孔器从叶片上制备每名学生或每个小组 20 片大小一致的圆片。
</div></li></ul></li></ol>

<div class="section-question"><h4 class="question-sect">什么是光合作用？</h4><p>光合作用是将阳光转化为可利用和可储存能量的过程。自养生物（如植物）利用二氧化碳、水和从阳光中捕获的能量，通过光合作用生成葡萄糖和氧气，从而为食物网提供主要的能量来源。</p></div><div class="section-question"><h4 class="question-sect">植物如何利用太阳的能量？</h4><p>植物会产生色素（如叶绿素），使其能够吸收太阳光中的能量。例如，光能会激发色素分子中的电子，这些能量随后被捕获并转化为简单糖类分子中的化学键。</p></div><div class="section-question"><h4 class="question-sect">植物细胞中负责光合作用的部分是什么？</h4><p>叶绿体——其最内层膜结构中含有称为类囊体的色素——主要负责进行光合作用。
</p></div><div class="section-question"><h4 class="question-sect">什么是碳封存？</h4><p>在光合作用过程中，二氧化碳被用于生成简单的糖类。这些二氧化...

植物色素层析与真空条件下浮游叶圆片实验  
实验前一天，将一个容器装满水。  
将菠菜……

Education

教育

JoVE Lab Manual

生物学

Cellular Processes

细胞结构与功能

Lab Manual Sub Articles

实验手册子文章

leaf pigment prep for chromatography labs

<p class="jove_content">Leaf pigment chromatography and floating leaf disc preparation are part of a photosynthesis lab. The work begins the day before the experiment. Spinach leaves are placed in a container of water and kept fully submerged overnight at room temperature.</p>

<p class="jove_content">The setup also includes chromatography paper for the pigment test. Wearing gloves, prepare and measure 18 cm x 304 cm sections of the paper. For the leaf disc activity, make a bicarbonate solution by mixing 0.25 g NaHCO3 with 300 mL water. Add one squirt of dish soap and mix gently. If the solution stays sudsy, add more bicarbonate.</p>

<p class="jove_content">A control solution is prepared separately with 300 mL water and one squirt of dish soap. Mix this gently and avoid creating suds. Just before the lab begins, choose spinach leaves that are similar in smoothness and thickness and do not have too many large veins. Use a hole punch to make 20 uniform discs for each student or group.</p>

Leaf Pigment Prep for Chromatography Labs

leaf-pigment-prep-for-chromatography-labs

photosynthesis

Spinach Pigments and Leaf Disc Photosynthesis

Spinach leaves contain pigments that can be separated by chromatography. In this lab, chromatography paper is used to move the pigments at different rates so their colors and positions can be compared. By measuring how far each pigment travels and calculating its retention factor, or Rf value, students can identify the pigments by matching them with literature values.<br /><br />The chromatography setup starts with a pencil line drawn 2 centimeters from one end of the paper. A spinach leaf is pressed...

Leaf pigment chromatography and floating leaf disc preparation are part of a photosynthesis lab. The work begins the day before the experiment. Spinach leaves are placed in a container of water and kept fully submerged overnight at room temperature.<br /><br />The setup also includes chromatography paper for the pigment test. Wearing gloves, prepare and measure 18 cm x 304 cm sections of the paper. For the leaf disc activity, make a bicarbonate solution by mixing 0.25 g NaHCO3 with 300 mL water. Add one...

lab manual sub articles

Prepare spinach leaves, chromatography paper, bicarbonate solution, and leaf discs for a high school photosynthesis lab on pigments and floating discs.

Leaf Pigment Prep for Chromatography Labs | JoVE K12

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Life Science

matter-and-energy-in-organisms-and-ecosystems

Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.E

3.1.9-12.J

3.1.9-12.K

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Environmental Science

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy And Dynamics

HS-LS2-4

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Cells

Cellular processes

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.2

BIO.2.e

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

3.1.1 9L.3.1.1.2

3.2.1 9L.3.2.1.3

Next Generation Science Standards

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-5

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS-LS1-5.

<p>你是否曾好奇，为什么每年秋天树木的叶子都会从绿色变为黄色、橙色和红色？叶子鲜艳的颜色最初是如何形成的？答案在于一种名为叶绿体的植物细胞器，其中含有能够吸收阳光中特定波长并反射其他波长的色素。其中一种特别的色素——叶绿素，在夏季含量最为丰富。它吸收阳光中高能量的紫色、蓝色和红色波长，反射绿色波长，从而使叶子呈现绿色。叶片中还存在其他色素，例如类胡萝卜素，能够反射红色和黄色光。到了秋季，叶片停止补充色素。由于叶绿素的降解速度比其他色素更快，类胡萝卜素的颜色便显现出来。</p><p>通过使用层析纸可以展示绿色叶片中存在不同的色素，层析纸是一种亲水性聚合物，可根据分子在特定溶剂中的溶解度差异对其进行分离。首先，将叶片提取物加到层析纸上。当层析纸浸入一种有机疏水性溶剂时，溶剂通过毛细作用沿纸向上移动，在此过程中将叶片提取物中的不同色素分离开来。其中疏水性最强的色素被携带至层析纸更高位置，而亲水性色素则与纤维素结合，从而阻碍其移动。当所有色素根据其疏水性完成分离后，我们可以计算各色素的保留因子（Rf值）。Rf值是指色素迁移距离与溶剂前沿迁移距离的比值。每种色素具有独特的Rf值，通过将计算得到的Rf值与标准值进行比较，即可轻松鉴定色素种类。光合作用是植物将二氧化碳、水和光能转化为化学能和氧气的过程，主要在植物叶片中进行，其中叶绿素在该过程中发挥关键作用。叶绿体中含有数十个叶绿素分子，每个分子执行特定功能，并以复杂的方式相互协作。最终，光能促使叶绿素分子释放电子，这些电子被用于其他代谢过程。因此，叶绿素需要持续获得电子以弥补其损失的电子。这些补充电子来源于水分子的分解，即将水分子裂解为质子、电子和氧气分子。在光合作用速率较高时，水分解速度加快，以快速补充电子，同时氧气也迅速生成。</p><p>这一现象有助于我们在实验室中通过将叶片圆片悬浮在碳酸氢盐溶液中来评估光合作用速率，其中碳酸氢盐作为丰富的碳源。在叶片圆片实验开始时，通过注射器施加负压形成真空，迫使叶片圆片中的气体排出。排出气体后的叶片圆片变重，转移至烧杯后会沉入碳酸氢盐溶液底部。当光合作用发生时，环境中的水被分解以补充叶绿素中的电子。产生的氧气使圆片变轻，导致其随时间推移逐渐上浮至液面。光合作用速率越高的环境，叶片圆片上浮的速度越快。</p><p>在本实验中，你将首先使用层析纸分离并鉴定菠菜叶片中的色素。然后通过叶片圆片实验，评估叶片在水中和碳酸氢盐溶液中的光合作用速率。</p>

photosynthesis: light, sugars, and carbon

<p class="jove_content">Photosynthesis turns sunlight into chemical energy in the form of glucose. This process powers most life on Earth by helping autotrophs, or primary producers, make food. The glucose they make can provide quick energy or be stored as starch for later use. Consumers depend on these producers for energy.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Photosynthesis happens in many kinds of organisms. Cyanobacteria, some protists such as algae, and plants can all carry out this process. In eukaryotic cells, it takes place in the chloroplast. Chloroplasts look green because they contain chlorophyll, a pigment that absorbs light at specific wavelengths.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Plants use several pigments to capture light. Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light and reflects green light. Other pigments, including carotenoids, anthocyanins, and betalains, absorb or reflect different wavelengths and often appear yellow to red. In autumn, when chlorophyll levels drop in temperate regions, these pigments become visible and leaves change color.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Photosynthesis has two main stages: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions. These stages happen in different parts of the chloroplast. The chloroplast has an outer membrane, an inner membrane, and an inner thylakoid membrane that forms disc-like folds. The space between the inner membrane and thylakoids is the stroma.</p>

<p class="jove_content">The light-dependent reactions begin in the thylakoid membrane when sunlight excites electrons in chlorophyll. Those electrons move through an electron transport chain, dropping to lower energy levels and releasing energy. The cell uses that energy to make ATP and NADPH. Water splitting, also called hydrolysis, replaces the lost electrons in chlorophyll. This process releases oxygen into the atmosphere and helps keep the flow of electrons going.</p>

<p class="jove_content">The light-independent reactions take place in the stroma. They use ATP and NADPH from the first stage to build a three-carbon sugar from carbon dioxide. That sugar can then be turned into glucose or other biomolecules. This is also called carbon fixation or carbon sequestration because carbon is pulled from the atmosphere and stored in living molecules.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Photosynthesis plays a major role in the carbon cycle. Carbon dioxide moves between reservoirs at a steady pace, but changes in that flow can upset the balance. Because carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, more of it in the atmosphere can raise temperatures. Much of the extra carbon dioxide comes from burning fossil fuels, which returns ancient carbon to the air very quickly.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Forests and ocean algae help lower carbon dioxide levels, so deforestation is a serious concern in a changing climate. Scientists are also studying artificial photosynthesis as a way to make carbon-neutral biofuels. Like solar panels, these methods take energy from the sun and store it as chemical energy instead of electricity. Researchers have also used photosynthetic bacteria to make simple sugars, lactic acid, biodegradable plastics, and even medically useful compounds, including substances studied for cancer diagnosis and treatment.</p>

Photosynthesis: Light, Sugars, and Carbon

自养生物

地球上几乎所有的生物都依赖于光合作用，该过程将太阳能转化为一种称为……的简单糖类

使用 JoVE Lab Manual 上的这个Biology评估测验来测试你对光合作用的理解。通过视频问题涵盖关键概念，旨在评估学生的学习情况。

光合作用（Biology）- 评估测验 | JoVE Lab Manual

在这段 8 分钟的学生实验流程视频中，逐步学习 光合作用 的操作步骤。属于 JoVE Lab Manual 上的 Biology 系列。

Biology 中的 光合作用 学生实验流程 - 32K+ 观看次数 | JoVE Lab Manual

Compounds Essential to Human Function

The human body is composed of cells that are fundamentally made up of several different molecules. These molecules are essential to carry out all ...

Macromolecules

Biomolecules
Organisms contain a wide variety of organic molecules with numerous functions which depend on the chemical structures and properties of these ...

Solution Preparation
ExpandCAUTION: It is important to always use care when handling reagents. For example, iodine will stain clothes and skin so wear ...

Identifying Macromolecules with Indicator Solutions
ExpandHYPOTHESES: In this activity, the experimental hypothesis might be that the addition of an ...

pH Regulation in Cells

pH plays a critical role in maintaining normal cellular activities. It helps maintain the structure and function of various proteins, dictates the charge ...

Chemistry of the Cell

Overview of Functional Groups

Functional groups are a group of atoms with characteristic properties, which when linked to the carbon skeleton of a molecule, alter the properties of ...

Introduction to Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are the primary macronutrients in the human diet. However, carbohydrates are the most favored source of energy in the ...

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Sugars as Energy Storage Molecules

What are Lipids?

lipid-derived-compounds-in-the-human-body

Lipid-derived Compounds in the Human Body

Fats and lipids are crucial components in the human body. Some lipid-derived compounds, such as fat-soluble vitamins, eicosanoids, lipoproteins, and ...

Fats as Energy Storage Molecules

What are Proteins?

Protein Organization

Globular Proteins

In organisms, proteins are the most abundant macromolecules. They act as the building blocks of life and play various crucial roles in the body. Proteins ...

Fibrous Proteins

Fibrous proteins are either long and narrow proteins or assemble to form long and thin structures. They contain repetitive units and usually consist of ...

Protein Denaturation

The function of proteins depends on their native three-dimensional structure, which is dictated by the amino acid sequence of the specific protein. ...

Role of Proteins in the Human Body

Proteins are the building block of life. They are also&#160; the most abundant macromolecules with as many diverse roles in the body. They are part of ...

Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides

Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell&#39;s genetic blueprint and have instructions for its ...

Nucleic Acid Structure

The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group ...

ATP Energy Storage and Release

ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis

Biological macromolecules are organic compounds, predominantly composed of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are covalently bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, ...

Construct an explanation to illustrate relationships between structure and function of major macromolecules essential for life.

LS.Bio.1.1

Introduction to Enzymes

The use of enzymes by humans dates to 7000 BCE. Humans first used enzymes to ferment sugars and produce alcohol without knowing that this was an ...

Enzymes and Activation Energy

The activation energy (or free energy of activation), abbreviated as Ea, is the small amount of energy input necessary for all chemical reactions to ...

Introduction to Enzyme Kinetics

Enzyme kinetics studies the rates of biochemical reactions. Scientists monitor the reaction rates for a particular enzymatic reaction at various substrate ...

Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency

The turnover number of an enzyme is the maximum number of substrate molecules it can transform per unit time. Turnover numbers for most enzymes range from ...

Catalytically Perfect Enzymes

The theory of catalytically perfect enzymes was first proposed by W.J. Albery and J. R. Knowles in 1976. These enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions at ...

introduction-to-mechanisms-of-enzyme-catalysis

Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis

For many years, scientists thought that enzyme-substrate binding took place in a simple &#34;lock-and-key&#34; fashion. This model stated that the enzyme ...

Ligand Binding and Linkage

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Ribozymes

Carry out investigations to illustrate how enzymes act as catalysts for biochemical reactions and how environmental factors affect enzyme activity.

LS.Bio.1.2

What are Cells?

Cells are the smallest and basic units of life, whether it is a single cell that forms the entire organism, e.g., in a bacterium or trillions of them, ...

Cell Size

Cell sizes vary widely among and within organisms. Bacterial cells range between 1-10 micrometers (&#x3BC;m)and are considerably smaller than most ...

Eukaryotic Compartmentalization

One of the distinguishing features of eukaryotic cells is that they contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, that carry ...

Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotes are small unicellular organisms that include the domains&#x2014;Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria include many common organisms, such as ...

Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm consists of organelles and a framework of protein scaffolds called the cytoskeleton suspended in an aqueous solution, the cytosol. The ...

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression ...

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Endoplasmic ReticulumThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an extensive network of membranous sacs and tubules in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer ...

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that ...

Golgi Apparatus

As they leave the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles. These vesicles are ...

Lysosomes

Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed spherical sacs derived from the Golgi apparatus. The most important function of the lysosome is degrading macromolecules ...

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes and mitochondria are two important oxygen-utilizing organelles in eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria carry out cellular respiration&#x2014;the ...

Introduction to the Cytoskeleton

Overview of the Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments present within the cell, having three distinct filaments ...

Introduction to Actin

Actin is a highly conserved cytoskeletal protein found abundantly in eukaryotic cells. It constitutes 10% weight of the total cellular protein in muscle ...

Cell Structure

Background
Cells represent the most basic biological units of all organisms, whether it be simple, single-celled organisms like bacteria, or large, ...

overview-of-myosin-structure-and-function

Overview of Myosin Structure and Function

Myosins are a family of molecular motor proteins, first identified in the skeletal muscles, where they are responsible for muscle contraction. Along with ...

Visualizing Onion and Cheek Cells
ExpandImmediately before the experiment, wash and peel onion bulbs for the class.
Remove the entire brown outer skin and ...

Microtubules

Microtubules are the thickest cytoskeletal filaments with a diameter of 25 nm. In prokaryotic organisms, microtubules are commonly found in locomotory ...

The Structure of Intermediate Filaments

The intermediate filaments are one of three widely studied cytoskeletal filaments. They are so named as their diameter (10 nm) is in between that of ...

Types of Intermediate Filaments

The intermediate filaments are an essential component of the cytoskeleton. Presently six types of intermediate filament have been identified. Type I and ...

Gap Junctions

Multicellular organisms employ a variety of ways for cells to communicate with each other. Gap junctions are specialized proteins that form pores between ...

The Extracellular Matrix

In order to maintain tissue organization, many animal cells are surrounded by structural molecules that make up the extracellular matrix (ECM). Together, ...

Tissues

Cells with similar structure and function are grouped into tissues. A group of tissues with a specialized function is called an organ. There are four main ...

Plant Cell Wall

The plant cell wall gives plant cells shape, support, and protection. As a cell matures, its cell wall specializes according to the cell type. For ...

Plasmodesmata

The organs in a multicellular organism&#x2019;s body are made up of tissues formed by cells. To work together cohesively, cells must communicate. One way ...

Use models to explain how the structure of organelles determines its function and supports overall cell processes.

LS.Bio.1.3

Cells are the smallest and basic units of life, whether it is a single cell that forms the entire organism, e.g., in a bacterium, or trillions of them, ...

the-tree-of-life-bacteria-archaea-and-eukaryotes

The Tree of Life - Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes are small unicellular organisms that include the domains &#8212; Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria include many common microorganisms, such as ...

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells represent two fundamental types of cellular organization, differing significantly in structure, complexity, and function. ...

Construct explanations to compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in terms of structures and degree of complexity.

LS.Bio.1.4

The DNA Helix

Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is the genetic material responsible for passing traits from generation to generation in all organisms and most viruses. DNA ...

The Central Dogma

The central dogma explains the flow of genetic information from DNA nucleotides to the amino acid sequence of proteins.
RNA is the Missing Link Between ...

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised&#160; of nucleotides and proteins are ...

RNA Structure

The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form ...

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse ...

Transcription

Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. ...

Construct an explanation to summarize how DNA and RNA direct the synthesis of proteins.

LS.Bio.1.5

Analyze how the relationship between structure and function supports life processes within organisms.

Leaf Pigment Prep for Chromatography Labs

Learning Objectives

什么是光合作用？

植物如何利用太阳的能量？

Lab Prep

Transcript

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