Name: gpp, npp, and ecosystem energy
Uploaded: 2025-10-23T11:48:56.000Z
Duration: 1 min 6 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Life Science

interdependent-relationships-in-ecosystems

Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.I

Primary Production

初级生产力指的是
 
 在光合作用下自养生物将二氧化碳
 
 转化成有机物的速率
 
 而一个生态系统中初级生产量的总和
 
 则是毛初级生产总量 或称GPP
 
 然而自养植物在细胞呼吸过程中
 
 消耗了他们生产的能量
 
 留下少量的能量供异养生物使用
 
 可供使用的剩余能量在生态系统中
 
 被成为净初级生产总量 或称NPP
 
 通常以1单位面积中1单位时间
 
 生产的1单位能量来表示
 
 在海洋生态系统中 藻类是能量的初级生产者
 
 但是它们的生产受限于
 
 穿透海洋表面的阳光数量
 
 以及可使用的营养物数量
 
 在陆地生态系统中 维管植物负责
 
 主要的初级生产量
 
 由于NPP在各种系统中 受温度和湿度的驱动
 
 热带雨林拥有最高的生产力
 
 而沙漠系统则拥有最低的生产力

Ask、Jenny、Owen Rowe、Sonia Brugel、Mårten Strömgren、Pär Byström 和 Agneta Andersson。"波罗的海北部沿海初级生产的重要性。"Ambio 45，第 6 期（2016 年 10 月）:635-48。[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-016-0778-5" target="__blank">来源</a>]

Orcutt， Beth N.， Jason B. Sylvan， Nina J. Knab， and Katrina J. Edwards. "海底上方、下方黑暗海洋的微生物生态学。"微生物学分子生物学修订版 75，第 2 期（2011 年 6 月 1 日）:361-422。[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.00039-10" target="__blank">来源</a>]

初级生产

生态系统中初级生产者获得的能源总量称为初级生产总值（GPP）。然而，在这种能量中，生产者使用一些来代谢过程，一些作为热量流失，减少了可用于下一个营养级别的能量。剩余的可用能量称为净初级生产力（NPP）。在陆地生态系统中，NPP受气候驱动，而光穿透和养分可用性则推动水生生态系统中的NPP。
<h4>初级生产总值</h4>
 
 生物体可以通过三种方式获得能量：光合作用、化学合成和其它生物体的消耗。自养生物或生产者合成它们的食物。化学自养生物出现在无法获得阳光的生态系统中，并利用来自深海热液喷口的化学物质作为能源，如硫化氢，H2S，而光自养生物则将来自阳光的能量转化为生态系统中其他生物的可用能量。这些生产者获得和转化这种能源的速度称为生态系统的初级生产总值（GPP），这也是衡量初级生产者在生态系统中积累的能源总量的一个指标。
 
 <h4>净初级生产</h4>
 
 然而，并非所有生产者获得的能源都可供生态系统中的其它生物使用。在化学合成和光合作用过程中，能量被初级生产者用来为它们的细胞呼吸提供燃料，有些能量作为代谢过程的副产品作为热量损失。初级生产者在呼吸和新陈代谢后剩余的能量称为净初级生产（NPP），然后在下一个营养水平上可供初级消耗者使用。
 
 <h4>生态系统NPP</h4>
 
 NPP最高的生态系统是热带雨林和河口，它们受到温暖的温度、高湿度和大量营养物质的影响。生产力低下的生态系统包括沙漠和北极地区，这些地区干旱、太热或太冷，植物生长率很高。
 
 在水生生态系统中，光和营养物质的数量控制着初级生产力。光的穿透深度在浅水沿岸水域以及深海和湖泊表面都能驱动高初级生产力。浮游植物几乎产生了地球40%的氧气，在深海和淡水表面生长旺盛，而在浅水区，种类繁多的珊瑚礁和水生植物繁衍生息。
 
 营养物质流入地区的初级生产水平特别高。例如富氮淡水与咸水混合的河口，或深海有机物循环到地表的海洋上升流。大量营养物质的流入，如磷和氮，增加了初级生产力，因为这些是光合作用生物生长的限制因素。农业径流中这些营养物质的过量流入会导致藻类和浮游植物种群呈指数增长，耗尽水中的氧气，并对水生动植物群产生负面影响，这一过程称为富营养化。

生态系统中初级生产者获取的总能量称为总初级生产量（GPP）。然而，这部分能量中，生产者会消耗……

Education

教育

JoVE Core

Biology

生物学

Ecology

生态学

Ecosystems

生态系统

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

关键术语与概念

gpp, npp, and ecosystem energy

Gross primary production and net primary production describe how energy enters and moves through ecosystems. Primary producers, or autotrophs, make their own food. They can do this by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, and they can also gain energy by consuming other organisms. The rate at which producers capture and store this energy is called gross primary production, or GPP.

Not all of the energy in GPP stays available to the rest of the ecosystem. Primary producers use some energy for cellular respiration and other metabolic processes. Some energy is also lost as heat. The energy left after these losses is net primary production, or NPP. NPP is the amount that can move to primary consumers on the next trophic level.

Chemoautotrophs and photoautotrophs are two important kinds of producers. Chemoautotrophs live where sunlight is unavailable and use chemicals as an energy source. A common example is hydrogen sulfide, or H2S, from deep-ocean hydrothermal vents. Photoautotrophs convert sunlight into usable energy for the rest of the ecosystem.

NPP varies across ecosystems. In terrestrial ecosystems, climate strongly affects NPP. Tropical wet rainforests and estuaries often have the highest NPP because they have warm temperatures, high humidity, and a steady nutrient supply. Deserts and the Arctic have low productivity because they are dry and either too hot or too cold for strong plant growth.

In aquatic ecosystems, light penetration and nutrient availability control primary production. High primary productivity can occur in shallow coastal waters and at the surface of deep oceans and lakes, where light can reach producers. Phytoplankton thrives in these surface waters and produces almost 40% of Earth’s oxygen. In shallow waters, coral reefs and aquatic plants can also be very diverse.

Nutrient inflow can raise productivity even more. Estuaries, where nitrogen-rich freshwater mixes with saltwater, and ocean upwellings, where deep-ocean organic matter rises to the surface, are good examples. Macronutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen are often limiting factors for photosynthesizing organisms, so their input can increase primary production. Too much runoff from agriculture can trigger eutrophication, where algal and phytoplankton growth expands rapidly, oxygen levels drop, and aquatic plants and animals are harmed.

GPP, NPP, and Ecosystem Energy

what is an ecosystem?

Ecosystem Zones and Climate

Ecosystems are shaped by living and nonliving parts of an environment, and they can be grouped as terrestrial or aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems depend on climate. Aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater and marine systems, and depth affects water temperature and how much sunlight reaches the water. Terrestrial ecosystems are called biomes. A biome is defined by climate and by the organisms that live there. Near the equator, rainforests have high, aseasonal temperatures and high annual...

trophic levels

Food Chains and Energy Flow

Food chains show how energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem. Each organism holds a trophic level, or a specific place in that chain. The lowest level includes primary producers, which make their own food using energy from the sun or from chemicals. Organisms at the next levels are heterotrophs, which get energy from other organisms below them. Primary consumers are herbivores, and they feed on autotrophs, also called primary producers. Secondary and tertiary consumers are carnivores...

primary production

Gross primary production and net primary production describe how energy enters and moves through ecosystems. Primary producers, or autotrophs, make their own food. They can do this by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, and they can also gain energy by consuming other organisms. The rate at which producers capture and store this energy is called gross primary production, or GPP. Not all of the energy in GPP stays available to the rest of the ecosystem. Primary producers use some energy for...

production efficiency

Energy Transfer as Biomass Efficiency

Net production efficiency shows how much energy organisms turn into biomass for the next trophic level. It focuses on the usable energy stored in body tissue, not the energy lost as heat or excreted wastes. This makes it a key idea for understanding energy flow through ecosystems. As energy moves from one organism to the next, only biomass can serve as food for the next trophic level. The rest of the energy is used in metabolism and is lost over time. Net production efficiency, or NPE, is the...

trophic efficiency

Energy Loss in Food Chains

Trophic level transfer efficiency describes how much energy moves from one level of a food chain to the next. It shows why energy drops sharply as organisms eat and are eaten. In most ecosystems, only about 10% of the energy passes on. This energy loss follows the second law of thermodynamics. In living systems, much of the energy is lost as metabolic heat during respiration. Trophic level transfer efficiency, or TLTE, measures this transfer by comparing the energy produced at one trophic...

what are biogeochemical cycles?

Nutrient Recycling in Ecosystems

Nutrient recycling in ecosystems keeps the elements needed for life moving through living and nonliving parts of the environment. Elements such as water, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus are present in limited amounts, so they must be conserved and reused. These movements are called biogeochemical cycles. These nutrients can exist in several chemical forms. They may spend long periods in the atmosphere, on land, under the land, or in aquatic environments. Decomposition is a key part of...

the water cycle

Water Movement Through Earth Systems

Water movement through Earth systems connects the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, the land, and living things. The hydrosphere includes every place where water is stored or moves. Because water supports living processes, its movement is important for ecosystem dynamics. The cycle starts when the sun warms surface water on land and in the oceans. That water evaporates and enters the atmosphere as vapor. Water can also move into the air by sublimation, which is ice changing directly into vapor, and...

the carbon cycle

Carbon Movement in Living Systems

Carbon moves through living systems and Earth over short and long time scales. It is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and it cycles through ecosystems by passing between organisms and by moving through rocks, oceans, and the atmosphere. Human activities, including farming and burning fossil fuels, have changed this balance. In the biological carbon cycle, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reacts with water to form bicarbonate. Primary producers, or autotrophs, use carbon dioxide and...

the nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen in Soil and Living Things

Nitrogen in soil and living things moves through ecosystems in several forms. Nitrogen atoms are found in proteins and DNA. Most animals and plants cannot use nitrogen gas, which is the main form of nitrogen on Earth. Nitrogen must first be changed into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can move through food webs. About 78% of the air we breathe is nitrogen gas, but few organisms can use it in that form. Nitrogen fixation changes nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3).

the phosphorus cycle

Phosphorus Movement in Soil and Water

Phosphorus moves through ecosystems mostly as phosphate ions in soil, water, sediment, and rocks. Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, it is not found in the atmosphere as a gas. It is also often a limiting nutrient, which means it is in short supply in many environments. Phosphorus is important in DNA, cell membranes, bones, and teeth. It is found in minerals, sediment, volcanic ash, and aerosols. As rocks and sediment weather over time, they release inorganic phosphate. That phosphate then...

the sulfur cycle

Sulfur in Ecosystems and Acid Rain

Sulfur moves through ecosystems as part of the chemical cycle that supports life. It is an important element in proteins and in amino acids such as cysteine, which helps give proteins their structure. On land, sulfur reaches ecosystems in several ways. Weak sulfuric acid can fall with precipitation, sulfur can drop directly from the atmosphere, rocks can weather and release sulfur, and geothermal vents can add it as well. Plants and microorganisms take sulfur up from the soil and change it...

bioremediation

Bioremediation in Soil and Oil Cleanup

Bioremediation uses prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. It is a practical way to reduce harmful chemicals in contaminated soil and water. In agriculture, fertilizers and pesticides can leach into groundwater, streams, and lakes. Microbes and bacteria can help break down these toxins. One example is atrazine, an environmental toxin found in many fertilizers, which can be removed from soils by the bacterial species Rhizobium and Tricoderma sp. Bioremediation...

key terms and concepts

Learn how gross primary production and net primary production shape ecosystem energy flow, from photosynthesis and chemosynthesis to aquatic nutrient limits and eutrophication.

GPP, NPP, and Ecosystem Energy | JoVE K12

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JoVE Core系列通过300多节动画视频课简明易懂地讲解生物学中的关键概念，以及150余段视频展示科学家在现代实验室开展实际研究实验，让生物学变得平易近人。

matter-and-energy-in-organisms-and-ecosystems

Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.H

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Life Sciences

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy And Dynamics

HS-LS2-1

Environmental Science

HS-LS2-4

Tennessee Academic Standards

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

BIO1.LS2.4

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.8

BIO.8.b

LS.4

LS.4.a

LS.5

LS.5.b

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

Arizona Science Standards

HS.L2

HS.L2U1.19

Alabama Course of Study Science

Ecosystems: Interactions Energy and Dynamics

9-12.B.2.6

Next Generation Science Standards

Earth and Space Science

Earth and Human Activity

HS-ESS3-2

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.17

SC.912.L.17.9

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

BIO.13

BIO.13.B

Georgia Standards of Excellence

Botany

SBO6.

All Standards

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

B-LS2-1.

B-LS2-2.

SEV1.

SEV1.b

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS-LS2-3.

HS-LS2-4.

Entomology

SEN3.

SEN3.b

Oceanography

SO3.

SO3.2

SEC4.

SEC4.d

SB5.b

myJoVE Corporation

What is an Ecosystem?

Overview

An ecosystem is the interaction between all abiotic and biotic factors in an environment and can be classified as terrestrial or aquatic. ...

Trophic Levels

All organisms in an ecosystem occupy a trophic level in the food chain. The lowest level consists of primary producers, which synthesize their food from ...

The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use ...

Production Efficiency

Net production efficiency (NPE) is the efficiency at which organisms assimilate energy into biomass for the next trophic level. Due to low metabolic rates ...

Trophic Efficiency

Trophic level transfer efficiency (TLTE) is a measure of the total energy transfer from one trophic level to the next. Due to extensive energy loss as ...

Life Histories

Constrained by limited energy and resources, organisms must compromise between offspring quantity and parental investment. This trade-off is represented ...

Energy Budgets and Reproductive Strategies

Organisms must balance energy intake with the energy required for growth, maintenance, and reproduction. These trade-offs result in a variety of ...

Population Growth

Population size is dynamic, increasing with birth rates and immigration, and decreasing with death rates and emigration. In ideal conditions with ...

Ecological Niches

All organisms have a position within an ecosystem. The complete set of living and nonliving factors&#x2014;including food resources, climate, and ...

Ecological Succession

Ecological succession is influenced by the processes of facilitation, inhibition, and toleration. Facilitation occurs when early successional species ...

Keystone Species

Measures of species biodiversity, such as richness (i.e., the number of species present) and evenness (i.e., their relative abundance), describe an ...

Symbiosis

Symbiotic relationships are long-term, close interactions between individuals of different species that affect the distribution and abundance of those ...

Competition

When organisms require the same limited resources within an environment, they may have to compete for them. Competition is a net-negative interaction. ...

Predator-Prey Interactions

Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction ...

Ecological Disturbance

An ecological disturbance is a temporary disruption in the environment resulting from abiotic, biotic, or anthropogenic factors, causing a pronounced ...

Students who demonstrate understanding can use mathematical and/or computational representations to support explanations of factors that affect carrying capacity of ecosystems at different scales.  Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include deriving mathematical equations to make comparisons.

What are Populations and Communities?

Populations are groups of individuals of the same species that inhabit a shared environment. Communities include multiple co-existing, interacting ...

Distribution and Dispersion

Ecology is the study of how organisms interact with their environment and with one another. An important aspect of ecology is understanding where species ...

Students who demonstrate understanding can use mathematical representations to support and revise explanations based on evidence about factors affecting biodiversity and populations in ecosystems of different scales. Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to provided data.

3.1.9-12.L

Students who demonstrate understanding can evaluate the claims, evidence, and reasoning that the complex interactions in ecosystems maintain relatively consistent numbers and types of organisms in stable conditions, but changing conditions may result in a new ecosystem. Assessment Boundary: N/A

3.1.9-12.M

What is Weather?

Overview

Weather refers to the current state of atmospheric conditions at a specific time and place. Weather is temporary and is influenced by the ...

What is Climate?

Climate refers to the prevailing weather conditions in a specific area over an extended period. As the saying goes, &#8220;Climate is what you expect. ...

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global ...

Conservation of Declining Populations

Conservation of declining population focuses on ways of detecting, diagnosing, and halting a population decline. The approach uses methods to prevent ...

Habitat Fragmentation

Habitat fragmentation describes the division of a more extensive, continuous habitat into smaller, discontinuous areas. Human activities such as land ...

What is Biodiversity?

Biodiversity describes the variety of living things at multiple organizational levels: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity. Species diversity ...

Threats to Biodiversity

There have been five major extinction events throughout geological history, resulting in the elimination of biodiversity, followed by a rebound of species ...

Biodiversity and Human Values

Human civilization relies on biodiversity in many ways. Sudden changes in species biodiversity result in environmental changes that can modify weather ...

What is Conservation Biology?

Conservation biology is a scientific field that focuses on the preservation of biodiversity in order to protect ecosystems while meeting the needs of the ...

Sustainable Development

As the human population continues to grow and use resources, we must be mindful of our planet&rsquo;s natural limits. Sustainable development provides a ...

Conservation of Small Populations

Small population sizes put a species at extreme risk of extinction due to a lack of variation, and a consequent decrease in adaptability. This weakens ...

Externalities

Externalities are outcomes of economic activities that affect third parties who are not directly involved in it. These impacts can be either positive or ...

Private Cost and Benefit

Private cost is the expenses a business incurs while producing a good or the price paid by an individual in purchasing a good.
For example, consider a ...

Social Cost and Benefit

Private costs and benefits are the financial impacts on individuals or businesses directly involved in a transaction.
However, when an additional unit of ...

Negative Externalities

A negative externality is a cost suffered by an unrelated third party due to an economic transaction.
The costs created by negative externalities are not ...

Positive Externalities

Positive externalities occur when a third party benefits from an economic transaction without being directly involved.
Take vaccines as an example. When ...

Students who demonstrate understanding can design, evaluate, and refine a solution for reducing the impacts of human activities on the environment and biodiversity. Assessment Boundary: N/A

3.1.9-12.N

GPP, NPP, and Ecosystem Energy

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