Name: cytoplasm and the cell’s internal framework
Uploaded: 2026-06-01T06:28:36.752Z
Duration: 1 min 16 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.1.3

Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm is a semifluid matrix that fills the interior of the cell. In eukaryotic cells, it spans the region between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope and includes all membrane-bound organelles.
 
 In prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, the cytoplasm includes everything inside the plasma membrane. This includes the cytosol, ribosomes, and the DNA in the nucleoid region.
 
 In both cell types, the cytoplasmic space is filled with a gel-like matrix called the cytosol. The cytosol is an aqueous solution that contains many dissolved ions, small molecules like water and oxygen, and macromolecules.
 
 Cytoplasm also contains the cytoskeleton, a network of protein fibers responsible for cell shape, cell movement, and intracellular transport.
 
 In eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm also includes many membrane-bound organelles suspended in the cytosol.
 
 The cytoplasm is the site of many cellular functions. For example, free ribosomes in the cytoplasm carry out protein synthesis.
 
 The aqueous nature of the cytosol also helps proteins fold by driving hydrophobic amino acid side chains into the protein core.

托马斯、克莱门特和克里斯托弗 J. 斯泰格。"膜和细胞骨架之间的动态相互作用对细胞发育和信号传导至关重要。"植物科学前沿 5 （2014）:335。[<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00335">来源</a>]
Sweeney、Patrick、Hyunsun Park、Marc Baumann、John Dunlop、Judith Frydman、Ron Kopito、Alexander McCampbell 等人，2017 年。"神经退行性疾病中的蛋白质错误折叠:影响和策略。"转化神经退行性变 6 （1）:6。[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s40035-017-0077-5">来源</a>]

细胞质

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The cytoplasm consists of organelles and a framework of protein scaffolds called the cytoskeleton suspended in an aqueous solution, the cytosol. The ...

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Education

教育

JoVE Core

生物学

Cellular Processes

细胞结构与功能

Cell Structure and Function

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

关键术语与概念

cytoplasm and the cell’s internal framework

The cytoplasm is the cell’s internal space that holds organelles and the cytoskeleton. It is suspended in the cytosol, an aqueous fluid made of water, ions, salts, and many organic molecules. Together, these parts create the environment where key cell activities happen.

The cytoplasm is also a major site for protein synthesis and folding. The water-based cytosol helps proteins fold correctly. Hydrophobic amino acid side chains tend to hide in the protein core, while hydrophilic amino acids face the cytosol. Cell stress, such as aging or changes in pH, temperature, or osmolarity, can cause proteins to misfold. These misfolded proteins may clump together into insoluble aggregates in the cytoplasm. Such aggregates are linked to neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.

The eukaryotic cytoskeleton has three main kinds of filamentous proteins: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. Microtubules are the largest filaments and are made of tubulin. They can grow or shrink by adding or removing tubulin at their ends. Microtubules help support cell shape, act as tracks for moving proteins, vesicles, and some organelles, and help guide chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell during division.

Microfilaments, also called actin filaments, are smaller and are built from actin. They can assemble and disassemble quickly. This fast change helps amoebas move and helps white blood cells migrate to infection sites. In skeletal muscle cells, actin filaments slide along myosin filaments to drive muscle contraction.

Intermediate filaments are less dynamic than microtubules and actin filaments, but they still give the cell strength and support. Their protein makeup depends on the cell type. For example, intermediate filaments in hair and nails contain keratin. In muscle cells, they are made of desmins.

Cytoplasm and the Cell’s Internal Framework

cytoplasm-and-the-cells-internal-framework

what are cells?

Cell Membrane, DNA, and Organelles

Cells are the basic units of life, from a bacterium made of one cell to a human made of trillions. Even though organisms can differ greatly, their cells share key features that support life. A cell has a plasma membrane, which is a lipid bilayer that separates the cytoplasm from the outside environment. It also contains DNA, the genetic material that carries instructions for the cell. In prokaryotic cells, DNA is found in a region called the nucleoid. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is enclosed...

cell size

Why Cell Size Is Limited

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eukaryotic compartmentalization

Cell Organelles and Microenvironments

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prokaryotic cells

Prokaryotic Cell Structures

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cytoplasm

The cytoplasm is the cell’s internal space that holds organelles and the cytoskeleton. It is suspended in the cytosol, an aqueous fluid made of water, ions, salts, and many organic molecules. Together, these parts create the environment where key cell activities happen. The cytoplasm is also a major site for protein synthesis and folding. The water-based cytosol helps proteins fold correctly. Hydrophobic amino acid side chains tend to hide in the protein core, while hydrophilic amino acids...

endoplasmic reticulum

ER in Protein and Lipid Transport

The endoplasmic reticulum is a membrane network in eukaryotic cells. It is continuous with the outer membrane of the nucleus. This connection helps link nuclear and cytoplasmic processes and supports efficient movement inside the cell. mRNA can move from the nucleus to ribosomes, which helps protein synthesis happen efficiently. The ER is a major site for making, processing, and distributing biomolecules. The rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes attached to its surface. These ribosomes...

ribosomes

How Ribosomes Build Proteins

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golgi apparatus

Protein Sorting in the Golgi Apparatus

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peroxisomes

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microtubules

Microtubules in Cells and Cell Movement

Microtubules are cytoskeletal fibers that help cells keep their shape, move materials, and divide. They are the thickest of the three main cytoskeletal structures in eukaryotic cells, with a diameter of about 25 nm. Along with microfilaments and intermediate filaments, they form the internal support network of the cell. Microtubules are hollow tubes built from tubulin proteins. Each tubulin molecule is a heterodimer, which means it has two different parts: α-tubulin and β-tubulin. These dimers...

plant cell wall

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plasmodesmata

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the nucleus

Nuclear DNA and Cell Control

The nucleus is the control center of a eukaryotic cell. It is a membrane-bound organelle that contains chromosomal DNA. That DNA helps control gene expression and regulate protein production in the cell. Not all cellular DNA has the same role. The DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts supports functions that are specific to those organelles. Inside the nucleus, DNA structure also affects how genes are regulated. Nuclear DNA is wrapped around proteins called histones. This forms chromatin, a...

the extracellular matrix

How ECM Supports Animal Tissues

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gap junctions

Connexins and Cell-to-Cell Signaling

Gap junctions help animal cells send signals and share small materials with nearby cells. They are made of special proteins that form pores between neighboring cells and connect their cytoplasm. Through these channels, cells can exchange ions and other small molecules. These communication channels are found in many invertebrate and vertebrate species. They support important processes such as cell differentiation and development. They are also linked to human diseases, including disorders of...

tissues

Body Tissues and Their Jobs

Body tissues are groups of cells with similar structure and function. When different tissues work together, they form an organ with a specialized job. Vertebrates have four main tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue is made of thin sheets of cells. It covers the skin and lines internal organs and body cavities. These cells are tightly packed, so they help protect against injury, infection, and water loss. Epithelial tissue may be simple, with one...

key terms and concepts

Learn how cytoplasm, cytosol, and the cytoskeleton support cell structure, protein folding, transport, and movement in high school biology.

Cytoplasm and the Cell’s Internal Framework | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

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JoVE Core系列通过300多节动画视频课简明易懂地讲解生物学中的关键概念，以及150余段视频展示科学家在现代实验室开展实际研究实验，让生物学变得平易近人。

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Life Science

Structure and Function

3.1.9-12.A

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Cells

Cell structure and function

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.3

BIO.3.a

Arizona Science Standards

High School

HS+B.L1

HS+B.L1U1.4

Alabama Course of Study Science

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

9-12.B.1.1

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.2

SC.912.L.14.3

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS-LS1-1.

Next Generation Science Standards

HS-LS1-1

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Lipid-derived Compounds in the Human Body

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Catalytically Perfect Enzymes

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Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis

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Ligand Binding and Linkage

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Ribozymes

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LS.Bio.1.2

What are Cells?

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Cell Size

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Eukaryotic Compartmentalization

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Prokaryotic Cells

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The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression ...

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Ribosomes

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Golgi Apparatus

As they leave the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles. These vesicles are ...

Lysosomes

Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed spherical sacs derived from the Golgi apparatus. The most important function of the lysosome is degrading macromolecules ...

Peroxisomes

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Introduction to the Cytoskeleton

Overview of the Cytoskeleton
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Types of Intermediate Filaments

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Use models to explain how the structure of organelles determines its function and supports overall cell processes.

Analyze how the relationship between structure and function supports life processes within organisms.

Cytoplasm and the Cell’s Internal Framework

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