Name: reading element symbols and isotope notation
Uploaded: 2020-09-03T13:38:25.000Z
Duration: 2 min 31 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Chemistry

Matter and its Interactions

PS.Chm.1.1

Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes

元素是只含有一种原子 的纯物质。目前，已发现 118 种元素，或 存在于自然界或在实验室合成。元素的丰度差别很大。在地壳中最丰富的元素 是氧、硅、铝、铁和钙。相比之下，地球的大气层 主要由氮和氧组成。在周期表上，每个方块至少包含 一个原子序数和一个化学符号。化学符号是赋予一种元素的一个或两个 字母的缩写。第一个字母大写，第二个字母（如有必要）为小写，以避免与含有 两种元素的化合物混淆。通常，此符号是元素英文名称的 第一个或多个字母。然而，有些符号来源于希腊语、拉丁语或德语词根。其他细节可以添加到化学符号中。原子序数，也就是质子的数量，在左下标的位置被标注。对于给定的元素，这个数字始终是相同的，有时会被省略，因为它不会改变。质量数 质子加上中子的数量 在左上标的位置表示。这个数字定义了元素的特定同位素，例如碳 12 或碳 13。同位素是元素的一种变化，它们的 原子核中中子的数量不同但 质子的数量 也就是原子序数 是相同的。这会产生不同的原子质量 但不会影响原子的电荷。例如，元素氢有三种天然存在的 同位素：最丰富的形式不含中子；第二种是氘，含有一个中子；第三种是氚，含有两个中子。虽然标准氢原子和氘 在自然条件下是稳定的，但其他同位素，比如氚，会因能量的释放 而衰变成其他物质。这些被称为放射性同位素。

<ol>
	<li>Pothoof、Justin、Grace Nguyen、Dawn Archey、E. Prasad Venugopal 和 Mark A. Benvenuto。"元素 118:向新学生教授新元素。"新元素:发现、发展、挑战和环境影响，第 195-201 页。美国化学会，2017 年。</li>
	<li>Krebs， Robert E. 地球化学元素的历史和用途:参考指南。格林伍德出版集团，2006 年。</li>
	<li>克莱顿，唐纳德。宇宙同位素手册:氢到镓。第 1 卷。剑桥大学出版社，2003 年。</li>
</ol>

元素：化学符号和同位素

化学符号是用于表示元素或元素原子的缩写。例如，汞的符号是Hg。相同的符号用于表示一个汞原子（微观域）或标记包含许多元素汞的容器（宏观域）。
 
 一些符号是从元素的通用英语名称派生的；其他是该名称的缩写，是另一种语言＆mdash;拉丁文，希腊文或德文。例如，铝（通用名称）的符号是Al，而铁（Fe）的符号是Fe，其源于拉丁文名称“ Ferrum”。大多数符号都有一个或两个字母，但是使用三个字母的符号来描述原子序数大于112的某些元素。为避免与其他符号混淆，仅将符号的第一个字母大写。例如，Co是元素钴的符号，而CO是化合物一氧化碳的符号，该化合物包含元素碳（C）和氧（O）的原子。
 
 传统上，新元素的发现者（或多个发现者）为该元素命名。但是，直到该名称得到国际纯粹与应用化学联合会（IUPAC）的认可，新元素的推荐名称才基于其原子序号的拉丁词。例如，几年来，元素106被称为Unnhexium（Unh），元素107被称为unnilseptium（Uns），元素108被称为unniloctium（Uno）。这些元素现在以科学家（偶尔也用地点）命名。例如，为了纪念格伦·西堡（Glenn Seaborg）诺贝尔奖得主，该分子活跃于多种重元素的发现，元素106现在被称为sea（Sg）。
 
 元素周期表上的每个正方形都至少包含一个原子序数＆mdash;这也是质子的数量和化学符号。
 
 在同位素的情况下，表示质量数或质子与中子的总和以及符号和原子序数。质量数定义元素的特定同位素。例如，这是氮的两个同位素：
 
 <img alt =“ Eq1” src =“ https://www.jove.com/files/core/CDNSource/lessons/805/805_Equation_1.png” style =“ height：25px; ” /> 
 
 通过将质量数作为上标放在元素符号的左侧来写任何元素的特定同位素的符号。由于原子序号和元素的符号一样定义了元素的标识，因此通常将其省略。例如，镁以三种同位素的混合物形式存在，每种同位素的原子序数为12，质量数分别为24、25和26。这些同位素可以标识为 24 Mg， 25 Mg和 26 Mg。这些同位素符号被读为“元素，质量数”。并可以被符号化为与此读数一致的符号。例如， 24 Mg读为“镁24”。并可以写为“ magnesium-24”或“ Mg-24”。 25 Mg读为“镁25”，并可以写为“ magnesium-25”或“ Mg-25”。所有镁原子的核中都有12个质子。它们之所以不同只是因为 24 Mg原子核中有12个中子， 25 Mg原子中子有13个中子， 26 Mg原子中有14个中子。中子。
 
 请注意，除标准名称和符号外，氢同位素通常使用通用名称和随附符号来提及。氢2，符号为 2 H，也被称为氘，有时也被标记为D。氢3符号，被标记为 3 H，也被称为氚，有时被标记为T。 >
 
 文字摘录自<a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/2-3-atomic-structure-and-symbolism">“> Openstax 化学2e，第2.3节：原子结构和象征主义。</a>

化学符号是用于表示元素或元素原子的缩写。例如，汞的符号是 Hg。相同的符号是 ...

Education

教育

JoVE Core

化学

Atoms and Elements

原子与元素

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

关键术语与概念

reading element symbols and isotope notation

Chemical symbols and isotope notation help identify elements and their atoms. A chemical symbol is an abbreviation for an element or a single atom of that element. Mercury, for example, is written as Hg. The same symbol can point to one atom in the microscopic domain or to many atoms of the element in a container or sample.

Many symbols come from the element’s common English name. Others come from Latin, Greek, or German names. Aluminum uses Al, while iron uses Fe from the Latin word Ferrum. Most symbols have one or two letters. Some elements with atomic numbers greater than 112 have used three-letter symbols.

Capital letters matter in chemical symbols. Only the first letter is capitalized to avoid confusion with other notation. Co means cobalt, but CO means carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide contains carbon, C, and oxygen, O. New element names are usually chosen by the discoverer, but they must be recognized by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, or IUPAC.

Before IUPAC approves a new name, temporary names based on Latin number words may be used. Element 106 was called unnilhexium, with the symbol Unh. Element 107 was unnilseptium, Uns. Element 108 was unniloctium, Uno. These elements are now named after scientists or sometimes places. Element 106 is now seaborgium, Sg, named for Glenn Seaborg, who helped discover several heavy elements.

The periodic table gives key information in each square. It includes the atomic number and a chemical symbol. The atomic number is also the number of protons. For isotopes, the mass number is shown too. The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons, and it identifies the specific isotope.

Isotope symbols place the mass number as a superscript to the left of the element symbol. The atomic number is often left out because the symbol already identifies the element. Magnesium has three isotopes: magnesium-24, magnesium-25, and magnesium-26. They can also be written as 24 Mg, 25 Mg, and 26 Mg. Each magnesium atom has 12 protons, but they differ in neutrons. Magnesium-24 has 12 neutrons, magnesium-25 has 13, and magnesium-26 has 14.

Hydrogen isotopes also have special names. Hydrogen-2, written as 2 H, is called deuterium and may also be shown as D. Hydrogen-3, written as 3 H, is called tritium and may also be shown as T. These names and symbols are commonly used alongside the standard isotope notation.

Reading Element Symbols and Isotope Notation

reading-element-symbols-and-isotope-notation

the atomic theory of matter

Dalton’s Laws and Early Atomic Ideas

Dalton’s atomic theory explains matter with atoms, elements, and compounds. It also shows how chemical changes follow simple laws. This idea gave chemistry a microscopic model for what can be seen in the lab. The earliest recorded ideas about matter came from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus said all matter was made of tiny, finite particles called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Aristotle and others later argued that matter was made from four elements: fire, earth, air, and...

subatomic particles

Atomic Structure: Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

Atomic structure is built from three subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Atoms make up all matter, and these particles explain an atom’s mass and charge. The electron was first identified at the end of the 19th century by J.J. Thomson. He used a cathode ray tube, a sealed glass tube with almost all the air removed and two metal electrodes. When high voltage was applied, a visible beam called a cathode ray formed. The beam bent toward positive charge and away from negative...

elements: chemical symbols and isotopes

Chemical symbols and isotope notation help identify elements and their atoms. A chemical symbol is an abbreviation for an element or a single atom of that element. Mercury, for example, is written as Hg. The same symbol can point to one atom in the microscopic domain or to many atoms of the element in a container or sample. Many symbols come from the element’s common English name. Others come from Latin, Greek, or German names. Aluminum uses Al, while iron uses Fe from the Latin word Ferrum.

ions and ionic charges

Predicting Ion Charges on the Periodic Table

Ion charges can often be predicted from an element’s position on the periodic table. In chemical reactions, the nucleus stays unchanged, but electrons may be transferred, lost, or shared. When atoms gain or lose electrons during compound formation, they become ions, which are electrically charged particles. A positive ion is called a cation. A cation has more protons than electrons because it lost electrons. A negative ion is called an anion. An anion has more electrons than protons because it...

the periodic table

Periodic Table Patterns and Element Groups

The periodic table organizes elements by repeating patterns in their properties. Chemists first noticed that some elements behaved alike, so they grouped them by chemical behavior. Lithium, sodium, and potassium are one example. They are shiny and conduct heat and electricity well. Calcium, strontium, and barium form another group with similar physical and chemical properties. Yet these two groups are not the same. The lithium group is much more reactive, and its elements form oxygen compounds...

atomic mass

Average Atomic Mass and Isotopes

Average atomic mass explains why many elements on the periodic table have decimal values. Atoms are extremely small, so scientists use the atomic mass unit, or amu, to measure them. A carbon atom weighs less than 2 × 10−23 g, and the amu is defined from carbon-12. One amu is exactly 1/12 the mass of one carbon-12 atom, which is 1.6605 × 10−24 g. The dalton (Da) and the unified atomic mass unit (u) mean the same thing as the amu. For a single atom, atomic mass is usually close to its mass...

molar mass

Mole, Mass, and Avogadro’s Number

The mole links mass and the number of particles in a substance. It gives chemists a standard way to count atoms and molecules in samples that are far too small to see. It also helps show why substances with the same kinds of atoms can still have very different properties, like water, H2O, and hydrogen peroxide, H2O2. The mole is an amount unit, like a pair or a dozen. One mole contains 6.02214076 × 10^23 discrete entities, such as atoms or molecules. This number is usually rounded to 6.022 ×...

key terms and concepts

Learn how chemical symbols, atomic numbers, and isotope notation identify elements, from mercury and iron to magnesium and hydrogen isotopes.

Reading Element Symbols and Isotope Notation | JoVE K12

chemistry

JoVE Core 化学通过简单明了且通俗易懂的动画视频课程，将普通化学概念带入到现实生活当中。此外，在科学家行动视频中，我们演示了在实验室中进行的经典和原始研究实验。

Physical Science

PS.PSc.1.1

PS.PSc.1.5

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Study Of Matter

Classification of matter

Atoms

Structure And Properties Of Matter

Quantifying matter

Physical Geology

Minerals

Atoms and elements

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

CH.2

CH.2.a

PS.4

PS.4.a

PS.4.b

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

High School

Earth Systems Science

112.49.c.7.

112.49.c.7.A.

Arizona Science Standards

HS.P1

HS.P1U1.1

HS+C.P1

HS+C.P1U1.1

CHEM.6

CHEM.6.D

Alabama Course of Study Science

Matter and Its Interactions

9-12.C.1.1.a

9-12.C.1.1.b

9-12.PS.3.4

9-12.PS.3.4.d

Next Generation Science Standards

HS-PS1-2

HS-PS1-7

Earth and Space Science

Earth’s Place in the Universe

HS-ESS1-3

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.P.8

SC.912.P.8.4

Chemistry and Physics

IPC.7

IPC.7.A

Georgia Standards of Excellence

SC1.

Isotopes and Atomic Mass

Scientific Laws and Theories

Scientific Laws

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The Scientific Method

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Classifying Matter by State

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Classifying Matter by Composition

Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
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The Atomic Theory of Matter

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Subatomic Particles

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Use models to explain how the scientific understanding of atomic structure has evolved.

Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations

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Types of Radioactivity

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Alpha (&#945;) decay is the ...

Nuclear Stability

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Nuclear Binding Energy

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Radioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating

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Nuclear Fission

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Nuclear Power

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Use models to compare nuclear reactions including alpha decay, beta decay and gamma decay; nuclear fusion and nuclear fission.

PS.Chm.1.2

Atomic Orbitals

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The Pauli Exclusion Principle

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The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

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The Aufbau Principle and Hund's Rule

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electron-configuration-of-multielectron-atoms

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the ...

Use models to explain how electrons are distributed in atoms.

PS.Chm.1.3

Periodic Classification of the Elements

The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their ...

The Periodic Table

As early chemists discovered more elements, they realized that various elements could be grouped by their similar chemical behaviors. One such grouping ...

Atomic Mass

Atoms &mdash; and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them &mdash; are extremely small. For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 ...

Molar Mass

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PS.Chm.2.1

atomic-radii-and-effective-nuclear-charge

Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

The elements in groups of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical behavior. This similarity occurs because the members of a group have the same number ...

Ionic Radii

Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it ...

Ionization Energy

The amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state is called its first ionization energy ...

Electron Affinity

The electron affinity (EA) is the energy change for adding an electron to a gaseous atom to form an anion (negative ion).



This process can be either ...

Construct an explanation to infer the atomic size, reactivity, electronegativity, and ionization energy of an element based on its position in the Periodic Table.

PS.Chm.2.2

Types of Chemical Bonds

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Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule

Chemical bonds are complex interactions between two or more atoms or ions, which reduce the potential energy of the molecule. Gilbert N. Lewis developed a ...

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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The Born-Haber Cycle

Lattice Energy&#xA0;

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trends-in-lattice-energy-ion-size-and-charge

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure ...

Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures

Compared to ionic bonds, which results from the transfer of electrons between metallic and nonmetallic atoms, covalent bonds result from the mutual ...

Electronegativity

Whether a bond is nonpolar or polar covalent is determined by a property of the bonding atoms called electronegativity.&#xA0;

Electronegativity values of ...

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Bond Polarity, Dipole Moment, and Percent Ionic Character

Bond Polarity

The absolute value of the difference in electronegativity (&Delta;EN) of two bonded atoms provides a rough measure of the polarity to be ...

lewis-structures-of-molecular-compounds-and-polyatomic-ions

Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions

To draw Lewis structures for complicated molecules and molecular ions, it is helpful to follow a step-by-step procedure as outlined:


	Determine the ...

Resonance

The Lewis structure of a nitrite anion (NO2&minus;) may actually be drawn in two different ways, distinguished by the locations of the N-O and N=O ...

Formal Charges

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Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Many covalent molecules have central atoms that do not have eight electrons in their Lewis structures. These molecules fall into three categories:


	...

Bond Energies and Bond Lengths

Stable molecules exist because covalent bonds hold the atoms together. The strength of a covalent bond is measured by the energy required to break it, ...

Analyze and interpret data to explain the mechanisms and properties of the two main types of intramolecular (ionic and covalent) bonds.

PS.Chm.3.1

Analyze the structure of atoms and isotopes.

Reading Element Symbols and Isotope Notation

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