Name: lattice energy patterns in ionic solids
Uploaded: 2020-09-03T13:38:28.000Z
Duration: 2 min 54 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Chemistry

Matter and its Interactions

PS.Chm.3.1

trends-in-lattice-energy-ion-size-and-charge

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

晶格能与离子晶格的 形成或分离有关。然而，当氯化钠或氧化镁形成时，它们的晶格能差别很大。为什么每种离子化合物都有不同的 晶格能，它又取决于哪些因素？离子化合物是由大量的带电离子 有序排列而成，这些离子通过静电相互作用 相互吸引。根据库仑定律，两个离子的势能 与离子之间的距离成反比，而这个距离又取决于离子半径。在周期表中，碱金属和碱土金属 的离子半径 沿列向下增加。随着金属离子尺寸的增大，离子之间的距离，或键长，也会变大。例如，溴化锂和溴化钾的键长 分别在 217 pm 和 282 pm 之间不同。由于核间距离的增加，离子间的吸引力降低，因此分离离子变得容易很多。因此，分离固体溴化锂的晶格能 大于分离溴化钾的晶格能，分别为 807 kJ/mol 对 682 kJ/mol。除了离子半径外，晶格能的大小 还取决于离子电荷。根据库仑定律，离子的势能 与它们电荷的乘积成正比。考虑两种离子化合物氟化钠 和氧化钙。两种化合物的离子距离相似，但氧化钙的晶格能 几乎是氟化钠的四倍。钠和氟都是一价离子；它们电荷的乘积是 1。然而，钙离子和氧化物离子是二价的，它们电荷的乘积是 4，是氟化钠的四倍。这就是为什么将氧化钙 分离成气态离子所需的能量 会是氟化钠的四倍。因此，晶格能的大小 与离子电荷的乘积成正比，与离子间的距离成反比。

晶格能量的趋势：离子大小和电荷

离子化合物由于其正离子和负离子之间的静电吸引而稳定。化合物的晶格能量是该吸引力强度的量度。离子化合物的晶格能量（Δ H lattice ）定义为将一摩尔固体分离成其气态离子所需的能量。对于离子型固体氯化钠，晶格能是过程的焓变：
 
 <img alt="Eq1" src="https://www.jove.com/files/core/CDNSource/lessons/1058/1058_Equations-01.png" style="height: 40px;" />
 
 <h4>公约</ h4>
 
 在这里，使用约定将离子固体分离为离子，这意味着晶格能量将是吸热的（正值）。另一种方法是使用等效但相反的约定，其中晶格能量是放热的（负值），并且被描述为当离子结合形成晶格时释放的能量。因此，请确保在另一个参考文献中查找晶格能量时确认使用哪个定义。在这两种情况下，较大的晶格能量表明离子化合物更稳定。对于氯化钠，Δ H 晶格 = 769 kJ。因此，将一摩尔固体NaCl分离成气态Na + 和Cl n 离子需要769 kJ。当气态Na + 和Cl n 离子每摩尔形成固体NaCl时，会释放769 kJ热量。
 
 <h4>库仑定律和晶格能量</ h4>
 
 离子晶体的晶格能量＆lt; H 晶格可以用以下公式表示（从库仑定律推导，决定电荷之间的力） ：</ n>
 
 ΔHlattice =  C(Z +)(Z−)/Ro 
 
 ，其中 C 是一个常数，取决于晶体结构的类型； Z + 和 Z ＆ndash; 是离子上的电荷，而 R o 是离子间距（正离子和负离子的半径之和）。因此，离子晶体的晶格能量随着离子电荷的增加和离子尺寸的减小而迅速增加。当所有其他参数保持恒定时，将阳离子和阴离子的电荷加倍会使晶格能翻两番。
 
 <h4>示例</ h4>
 
 <ol>
 <li> LiF（ Z + 和 Z ＆s = 1）的晶格能为1023 kJ / mol，而MgO（ Z + 和 Z ＆sdash> = 2）的MgO为3900 kJ / mol（两种化合物的 R o 几乎相同-大约200 pm。</ li>
 <li>不同的原子间距离产生不同的晶格能量。例如，比较MgF 2 （2957 kJ / mol）和MgI 2 （2327 kJ / mol）的晶格能，观察其对MgF 2 的晶格能的影响。与I 相比，F 的离子尺寸更小。</ li>
 <li>宝石红宝石是氧化铝Al 2 O 3 ，其中含有痕量Cr 3 + 。化合物Al 2 Se 3 用于某些半导体器件的制造。在这两种离子化合物中， Z + 和 Z ＆ndash; 的电荷相同，因此在晶格能量取决于 R o 。由于O 2 离子小于Se 2 离子，因此Al 2 O 3 的离子间距比Al 2 Se 3 短，因此具有更大的晶格能。</ li >
 另一个例子是与NaCl相比的氧化锌ZnO。 ZnO中的阳离子和阴离子的 Z 值都较大，并且ZnO的离子间距离小于NaCl的离子间距离，因此ZnO具有更大的晶格能。</ li>
 </ ol>
 
 此文本改编自<a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/7-5-strengths-of-ionic-and-covalent-bonds"> Openstax ，化学2e，第7.5节：离子键和共价键的强度。</a>

离子化合物因其正负离子之间的静电吸引力而稳定。化合物的晶格能是衡量……

Education

教育

JoVE Core

化学

Chemical Bonding: Basic Concepts

化学键：基本概念

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

关键术语与概念

lattice energy patterns in ionic solids

Lattice energy shows how strongly ions hold an ionic solid together. It is the energy required to separate one mole of a solid into its gaseous ions. For sodium chloride, this process requires 769 kJ per mole. The opposite convention may also be used, where lattice energy is the energy released when gaseous ions form the solid. In either case, a larger magnitude means a more stable ionic compound.

For ionic crystals, lattice energy follows a pattern based on charge and ion size. The relationship can be written as ΔH lattice = C(Z+)(Z−)/Ro. In this equation, C depends on the crystal structure, Z+ and Z− are the ion charges, and Ro is the distance between the ions. Because of this, lattice energy rises quickly when ion charges increase and when ion sizes decrease. If both ion charges double, the lattice energy becomes four times larger.

Examples show these trends clearly. LiF, with ion charges of 1 and 1, has a lattice energy of 1023 kJ/mol, while MgO, with charges of 2 and 2, has a lattice energy of 3900 kJ/mol. Their interionic distances are nearly the same, at about 200 pm. Ion size also matters. MgF2 has a lattice energy of 2957 kJ/mol, while MgI2 has a lower value of 2327 kJ/mol because F− is smaller than I−.

The same idea explains differences in other compounds. Ruby is aluminum oxide, Al2O3, and it contains traces of Cr3+. Al2Se3 is used in some semiconductor devices. These compounds have the same ion charges, so the difference in lattice energy depends on Ro. O2− is smaller than Se2−, so Al2O3 has the shorter interionic distance and the larger lattice energy. ZnO also has a larger lattice energy than NaCl because the ion charges are greater and the interionic distance is smaller.

Lattice Energy Patterns in Ionic Solids

types of chemical bonds

Chemical Bonding and Bond Properties

Chemical bonding explains how atoms and ions join to form molecules and compounds. American chemist Gilbert N. Lewis pioneered chemical bonding theory with the Lewis model. This model helps explain why bonds form, why some are stronger than others, and why compounds have fixed formulas like H2O instead of H4O. Ionic bonding involves ions, which are atoms or molecules with an electrical charge. A cation is a positive ion formed when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence...

the born-haber cycle

Predicting Ionic Stability with Lattice Energy

Lattice energy helps explain why ionic compounds are stable. It measures the strength of attraction between positive and negative ions in a crystal. In one common definition, lattice energy is the energy required to separate one mole of an ionic solid into gaseous ions, so it has a positive value. Another definition uses the opposite sign and describes the energy released when gaseous ions form a lattice. When checking data, it is important to confirm which convention is being used. In either...

lewis symbols and the octet rule

Valence Electrons, Lewis Symbols, and Bonding

Chemical bonds form when atoms or ions interact in ways that lower the potential energy of a molecule. Gilbert N. Lewis created a simple model to show bond formation using valence electrons, the electrons in the outer shell. In this model, electrons are shared or transferred to help atoms reach a stable electron configuration. The Lewis model helps describe two common bond types. An ionic bond forms when electrons move from a metal to a nonmetal. A covalent bond forms when two nonmetals share...

electronegativity

Electronegativity and Polar Bonds

Electronegativity helps explain why some covalent bonds are nonpolar and others are polar covalent. It is a measure of how strongly an atom attracts shared electrons toward itself. That pull controls how electron density is distributed in a bond. Linus Pauling proposed the first electronegativity values by studying bond energies in heteronuclear molecules such as hydrogen fluoride. He expected the bond energy of HF to be about the average of the bond energies of H2 and F2, or 296 kJ/mol. The...

ionic bonding and electron transfer

Ionic Compounds and Crystal Lattices

Ionic compounds form when positive and negative ions attract each other. A cation is a positive ion, and it forms when an atom loses one or more valence electrons. An anion is a negative ion, and it forms when an atom gains one or more valence electrons. Compounds made of these ions are called ionic compounds, or salts, and the force between them is an ionic bond. The properties of ionic solids help show how strong this attraction is. They usually form rigid, brittle crystals and have high...

trends in lattice energy: ion size and charge

Lattice energy shows how strongly ions hold an ionic solid together. It is the energy required to separate one mole of a solid into its gaseous ions. For sodium chloride, this process requires 769 kJ per mole. The opposite convention may also be used, where lattice energy is the energy released when gaseous ions form the solid. In either case, a larger magnitude means a more stable ionic compound. For ionic crystals, lattice energy follows a pattern based on charge and ion size. The...

covalent bonding and lewis structures

Shared Electrons in Covalent Molecules

Covalent molecules form when atoms share electrons instead of transferring them. This bonding usually happens between nonmetal atoms with similar tendencies to attract electrons. Because the atoms pull on the electrons in a shared way, the bond is held together by mutual attraction. Covalent compounds often have physical properties that differ from ionic compounds. The attraction between neutral molecules is weaker than the attraction between charged ions. As a result, many covalent compounds...

bond polarity, dipole moment, and percent ionic character

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How Bond Polarity Shapes Molecular Dipoles

Bond polarity depends on electronegativity, the ability of an atom to attract shared electrons. The absolute value of the electronegativity difference, or ΔEN, gives a rough guide to bond type. When the difference is very small or zero, the bond is covalent and nonpolar. When it is larger, the bond may be polar covalent or ionic. Examples show how this works in real compounds. H–H has a ΔEN of 0, so it is nonpolar. H–Cl has a ΔEN of 0.9, so it is polar covalent. Na–Cl has a ΔEN of 2.1, so it...

lewis structures of molecular compounds and polyatomic ions

lewis-structures-of-molecular-compounds-and-polyatomic-ions

Drawing Lewis Structures with Valence Electron Counts

Drawing Lewis structures starts with counting valence electrons and building the atom arrangement step by step. Valence electrons are the outer-shell electrons that help show how atoms bond. For ions, a positive charge means one electron is removed for each plus sign, and a negative charge means one electron is added for each minus sign. The next step is to sketch the skeleton structure. The least electronegative atom usually goes in the center, while hydrogen is almost never central. Fluorine...

resonance

Resonance Forms in Lewis Structures

Resonance forms in Lewis structures help explain molecules and ions that cannot be shown correctly with just one drawing. In nitrite ion, NO2−, the Lewis structure can be drawn in two ways. The N-O and N=O bonds switch positions in the two drawings, but the atoms stay in the same arrangement. If nitrite really had one single bond and one double bond, the two bond lengths should be different. A double bond is shorter and stronger than a single bond between the same atoms. Experiments show that...

formal charges

Lewis Structures with Formal Charge

Lewis structures can sometimes show more than one reasonable arrangement for a molecule or polyatomic ion. Formal charge helps chemists choose the best Lewis structure when that happens. It is a useful way to compare possible structures in chemistry. Formal charge is the hypothetical charge an atom would have if bonding electrons were shared evenly between the atoms. It can also be found by starting with the valence electrons of the neutral atom, subtracting the nonbonding electrons, and then...

exceptions to the octet rule

Octet Rule Exceptions in Lewis Structures

Some covalent molecules do not follow the octet rule in their Lewis structures. Their central atoms can fall into three groups: odd-electron molecules, electron-deficient molecules, and hypervalent molecules. These cases show why a Lewis structure may not always give every atom eight valence electrons. Odd-electron molecules have an odd number of valence electrons, so one electron remains unpaired. Molecules with an odd number of electrons are called radicals. Nitric oxide, NO, is one example,...

bond energies and bond lengths

How Bond Energy Predicts Reaction Heat

Bond energy helps explain why molecules stay together and how much heat a reaction may release or absorb. A covalent bond is stronger when more energy is needed to separate the atoms. The energy needed to break one specific covalent bond in one mole of gaseous molecules is called bond energy, or bond dissociation energy. For a diatomic molecule, bond energy is the standard enthalpy change for an endothermic reaction that breaks that bond. The H-H bond is a common example. Its bond energy is...

bonding in metals

Electron Sea Model in Metals

Electron sea model explains how metallic bonding holds metals together. In this model, most metal atoms do not have enough valence electrons to form ionic or covalent bonds in the usual way. Their valence electrons are held loosely because metals have low electronegativity, and their ionization energy is low, so electrons are removed easily. When a metal atom loses these outer electrons, it becomes a positively charged metal ion. The freed electrons form a delocalized electron cloud around...

key terms and concepts

Learn how ion charge and ion size affect lattice energy in ionic solids, with examples like NaCl, LiF, MgO, MgF2, MgI2, Al2O3, and ZnO.

Lattice Energy Patterns in Ionic Solids | JoVE K12

chemistry

JoVE Core 化学通过简单明了且通俗易懂的动画视频课程，将普通化学概念带入到现实生活当中。此外，在科学家行动视频中，我们演示了在实验室中进行的经典和原始研究实验。

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Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Structure And Properties Of Matter

Chemical bonding

Tennessee Academic Standards

High School

Matter and Its Interactions

CHEM1.PS1.14

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

CH.3

CH.3.d

Physics

PH.9

PH.9.e

Alabama Course of Study Science

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Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions

9-12.C.2.2.b

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

Chemistry and Physics

IPC.7

IPC.7.A

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

Physical Science

HS. Structure and Properties of Matter

HS-PS1-3.

HS. Chemical Reactions

HS-PS1-2.

HS-PS1-4.

HS-PS1-12.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

SC2.

bonding-types-from-nonpolar-covalent-to-ionic

Bonding Types: From Nonpolar Covalent to Ionic

Scientific Laws and Theories

Scientific Laws

In science, a law is defined as a concise, verbal or mathematical, statement that summarizes a vast number of experimental observations. ...

The Scientific Method

Chemistry is an empirical science. Scientists often pose questions to understand the chemistry in everyday life and seek answers to these questions. To ...

Classifying Matter by State

Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, ...

Classifying Matter by Composition

Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
According to its composition, the matter can be classified into two broad categories &mdash; pure substances and ...

The Atomic Theory of Matter

The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter ...

Subatomic Particles

Dalton was only partially correct about the particles that make up matter. All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are composed of three smaller ...

Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes

A chemical symbol is an abbreviation used to indicate an element or an atom of an element. For example, the symbol for mercury is Hg. The same symbol is ...

Use models to explain how the scientific understanding of atomic structure has evolved.

PS.Chm.1.1

Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations

Nuclear chemistry is the study of reactions that involve changes in nuclear structure. The nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and, except for ...

Types of Radioactivity

The most common types of radioactivity are &#945; decay, &#946; decay, &#947; decay, neutron emission, and electron capture.
Alpha (&#945;) decay is the ...

Nuclear Stability

Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10&#8722;15 meters, a nucleus is ...

Nuclear Binding Energy

The difference between the calculated and experimentally measured masses is known as the mass defect of the atom. In the case of helium-4, the mass defect ...

Radioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating

Radioactivity is a spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nuclide and is a random process, as all the nuclei in the sample do not decay simultaneously. ...

Nuclear Fission

Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger ...

Nuclear Power

Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by ...

Nuclear Fusion

The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process ...

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with ...

Use models to compare nuclear reactions including alpha decay, beta decay and gamma decay; nuclear fusion and nuclear fission.

PS.Chm.1.2

Atomic Orbitals

An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution ...

The Pauli Exclusion Principle

The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called its electron configuration. We describe an electron configuration with a symbol that ...

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are ...

The Aufbau Principle and Hund's Rule

To determine the electron configuration for any particular atom, we can build the structures in the order of atomic numbers. Beginning with hydrogen, and ...

electron-configuration-of-multielectron-atoms

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the ...

Use models to explain how electrons are distributed in atoms.

PS.Chm.1.3

Periodic Classification of the Elements

The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their ...

The Periodic Table

As early chemists discovered more elements, they realized that various elements could be grouped by their similar chemical behaviors. One such grouping ...

Atomic Mass

Atoms &mdash; and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them &mdash; are extremely small. For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 ...

Molar Mass

The identity of a substance is defined not only by the types of atoms or ions it contains but by the quantity of each type of atom or ion. For example, ...

Use the Periodic Table as a model to predict the relative properties of elements based on the pattern of valence electrons in the outermost energy levels of atoms.

PS.Chm.2.1

atomic-radii-and-effective-nuclear-charge

Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

The elements in groups of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical behavior. This similarity occurs because the members of a group have the same number ...

Ionic Radii

Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it ...

Ionization Energy

The amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state is called its first ionization energy ...

Electron Affinity

The electron affinity (EA) is the energy change for adding an electron to a gaseous atom to form an anion (negative ion).



This process can be either ...

Construct an explanation to infer the atomic size, reactivity, electronegativity, and ionization energy of an element based on its position in the Periodic Table.

PS.Chm.2.2

Types of Chemical Bonds

Chemical bonding theories were pioneered by American chemist Gilbert&#xA0;N. Lewis. He developed a model called the Lewis model to explain the type and ...

Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule

Chemical bonds are complex interactions between two or more atoms or ions, which reduce the potential energy of the molecule. Gilbert N. Lewis developed a ...

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence ...

The Born-Haber Cycle

Lattice Energy&#xA0;

An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a ...

An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure ...

Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures

Compared to ionic bonds, which results from the transfer of electrons between metallic and nonmetallic atoms, covalent bonds result from the mutual ...

Electronegativity

Whether a bond is nonpolar or polar covalent is determined by a property of the bonding atoms called electronegativity.&#xA0;

Electronegativity values of ...

Bond Polarity, Dipole Moment, and Percent Ionic Character

Bond Polarity

The absolute value of the difference in electronegativity (&Delta;EN) of two bonded atoms provides a rough measure of the polarity to be ...

Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions

To draw Lewis structures for complicated molecules and molecular ions, it is helpful to follow a step-by-step procedure as outlined:


	Determine the ...

Resonance

The Lewis structure of a nitrite anion (NO2&minus;) may actually be drawn in two different ways, distinguished by the locations of the N-O and N=O ...

Formal Charges

In some cases, there are seemingly more than one valid Lewis structures for molecules and polyatomic ions. The concept of formal charges can be used to ...

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Many covalent molecules have central atoms that do not have eight electrons in their Lewis structures. These molecules fall into three categories:


	...

Analyze and interpret data to explain the mechanisms and properties of the two main types of intramolecular (ionic and covalent) bonds.

Analyze the structure of atoms and isotopes.

Lattice Energy Patterns in Ionic Solids

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