Name: cytoplasmic inheritance in cells
Uploaded: 2020-11-23T11:47:35.000Z
Duration: 1 min 29 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

9-12.B.1.3

Non-nuclear Inheritance

在真核细胞、线粒体和质体中 有一类植物细胞器 其中包括叶绿体 可在细胞质中独立繁殖 同时它们都有自己的一套基因 可以指挥生殖及其他功能。
 线粒体和质体DNA是 以小的、环状DNA分子形式存在的 并称为非核或细胞质DNA。
 每个细胞器携带许多份相同的DNA 这与细胞核相反，细胞核通常来说 每个染色体仅有两份拷贝。
 此外，在细胞分裂期间，细胞器 被随机分裂为新的子细胞 所以被传递的非核DNA 不会遵循某种固定的模式。
 在动物和大多数植物繁殖期间 受精卵中的细胞质来自卵子。
 精子 卵子 因此，尽管父母双方均对 有核DNA做出同等的贡献，非核DNA 却仅靠母体来传递。
 这意味着某些特征，如由线粒体突变 引起的代谢紊乱 可以以母系方式追溯。
 此外，植物的一些物理特性 如叶色，是由非核基因控制的 也是单独传下来的。

Miko， I. "非核基因及其遗传"。自然教育 1，第 1 期（2008 年）。[<a href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/non-nuclear-genes-and-their-inheritance-589">来源</a>]

Patananan、Alexander N.、Ting-Hsiang Wu、Pei-Yu Chiou 和 Michael A. Teitell。2016. "修饰线粒体基因组。"细胞代谢 23 （5）:785-96。[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2016.04.004">来源</a>]

非核遗传

大多数DNA存在于细胞核中。然而，细胞质中的一些细胞器 - 如叶绿体和线粒体也有自己的DNA。这些细胞器独立于它们所在细胞的核DNA来复制它们的DNA。非核遗传描述了来自核以外的结构的基因的遗传。
线粒体存在于动植物细胞中。它们被认为是真核细胞的“动力库”，因为它们分解葡萄糖形成能量，为细胞活动提供燃料。线粒体DNA由大约37个基因组成，其中许多基因参与了这一过程，称为氧化磷酸化。
叶绿体存在于植物和藻类中，是光合作用的场所。光合作用允许这些生物体从阳光中产生葡萄糖。叶绿体DNA由约100个基因组成，其中许多基因参与光合作用。
与细胞核中的染色体DNA不同，叶绿体和线粒体DNA不符合孟德尔学派的假设，即生物体的一半遗传物质来自父母双方。这是因为精子细胞在受精过程中通常不会向合子贡献线粒体或叶绿体DNA。
精子细胞主要为合子提供一组单倍体的核染色体，而卵细胞除了提供其核染色体外，还提供其细胞器。合子（和植物细胞中的叶绿体）通常只从卵细胞接收线粒体和叶绿体；这称为母体遗传。母系遗传是一种无核或核外遗传。
为什么线粒体和叶绿体有自己的DNA？普遍的解释是内共生理论。内共生理论认为线粒体和叶绿体曾经是独立的原核生物。在某种程度上，它们加入宿主真核细胞，并进入一种共生关系，这种关系对双方都有利。

大多数DNA存在于细胞核中。然而，细胞质中的一些细胞器——例如叶绿体和线粒体——也含有DNA。

Education

教育

JoVE Core

Molecular Biology

分子生物学

Unit 1

第一单元

DNA Replication

DNA 复制

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

关键术语与概念

cytoplasmic inheritance in cells

Cytoplasmic inheritance explains how some traits are passed through cell structures outside the nucleus. These traits come from organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts. They do not follow the usual nuclear pattern of inheritance.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts each contain their own DNA. Because of this, they can carry genetic information that affects cell function and certain visible traits. In high school biology, this topic helps explain why not all inherited traits come from chromosomes in the nucleus.

Cytoplasmic inheritance is often linked to the mother because the egg cell provides most of the cytoplasm to the embryo. That is why some traits appear to pass through the maternal line. Understanding this pattern is important for studying organelle genetics and unusual inheritance patterns.

Cytoplasmic Inheritance in Cells

replication in prokaryotes

Prokaryotic DNA Replication Steps

Prokaryotic DNA replication copies the chromosome before a cell divides. In bacteria, this process starts at a specific DNA site called the origin of replication. From there, the cell builds new DNA strands using enzymes that match each base with its partner. The DNA double helix first opens so replication can begin. As the strands separate, each original strand serves as a template. New nucleotides are added in a set order, which helps the cell make an accurate copy of its genetic material. <br...

replication in eukaryotes

Eukaryotic DNA Replication Steps

Eukaryotic DNA replication copies the genome before a cell divides. In eukaryotes, this process happens in a controlled sequence so each new cell can receive genetic information. Replication begins at specific sites on the DNA called origins. The DNA is opened, and each original strand serves as a template, meaning it guides the building of a new complementary strand. This sets up two DNA molecules from one original molecule. The process then continues as enzymes add matching nucleotides to...

dna base pairing

DNA Base Pair Rules

DNA base pairing follows specific rules that help DNA carry genetic information. In DNA, the bases pair in a regular way, with adenine matching thymine and cytosine matching guanine. These pairs fit together because of their chemical shapes and bonding patterns. These base pairs also support accurate DNA replication. When DNA copies itself, each strand can guide the formation of a new partner strand using the pairing rules. Understanding base pairing helps explain how DNA stays organized and...

the dna replication fork

DNA Replication Stress and Fork Stalling

DNA replication stress and fork stalling can disrupt the copying of a cell’s genome. The replication fork is the Y-shaped site where DNA strands separate and new complementary strands are made at the same time. This linked unwinding and synthesis helps cells duplicate DNA efficiently and with fewer errors. In organisms with small circular DNA, such as E. coli, replication often begins at a single origin. That setup creates two replication forks that move in opposite directions from the opening...

proofreading

Proofreading in DNA Replication

Proofreading in DNA replication helps keep DNA copying accurate. It is a built-in check that reduces mistakes as new DNA is made. DNA polymerase is the enzyme that carries out this checking during replication. When it adds a wrong nucleotide, it can remove the error and replace it with the correct one. This correction step helps maintain the correct DNA sequence. Proofreading is an important part of DNA replication because it supports genetic accuracy. By catching mistakes as they happen, the...

dna helicases

Helicase Motor Proteins in DNA Unwinding

Helicase motor proteins help unwind DNA during key cell processes. They use energy from ATP hydrolysis, which is the breakdown of ATP to release usable energy. This movement lets helicases separate DNA strands when the cell needs access to the genetic code. These enzymes are involved in DNA replication, repair, recombination, and transcription. Helicases are found in all living organisms, but their structure, function, and movement can differ. In prokaryotes, the DnaB helicase moves along the...

the replisome

DNA Replication Teams in the Replisome

DNA replication depends on the replisome, a coordinated complex of proteins that copies DNA with high accuracy. This DNA replication machinery brings many parts together so the leading and lagging strands can be made at the same time. A key idea in this process is the trombone model, proposed by Bruce Alberts in 1980. In this model, a loop forms on the lagging strand when a primer is made. The loop grows as an Okazaki fragment is synthesized, then falls apart when that fragment is finished.

lagging strand synthesis

Okazaki Fragments in DNA Replication

DNA replication uses a leading strand and a lagging strand, and they are made at different rates. The leading strand starts first. The lagging strand starts later, moves more slowly, and is made in pieces. The two strands also differ in direction and starting steps. Leading strand synthesis follows the opening replication fork. Lagging strand synthesis goes in the opposite direction. The leading strand needs one RNA primer, while the lagging strand needs multiple RNA primers. After priming,...

mismatch repair

Fixing DNA Copying Errors

Mismatch repair helps fix DNA copying errors after replication. When DNA is copied, small mistakes can slip through. This repair system finds those mismatches and corrects them before they become permanent changes. The process depends on a group of mutator proteins. These proteins work together to detect the error, remove the incorrect section, and help replace it with the proper DNA sequence. In this way, mismatch repair supports the accuracy of genetic information. If the repair system does...

dna topoisomerases

How Topoisomerases Untwist DNA

DNA topoisomerases are enzymes that untwist DNA when it becomes overcoiled during cell processes such as DNA replication and transcription. They help regulate positive and negative DNA supercoiling without changing the nucleotide sequence. Clockwise overwinding creates positively supercoiled DNA, while counterclockwise underwinding produces negatively supercoiled DNA. Topoisomerases are grouped into two main types. Type I topoisomerases act on one strand of double-stranded DNA, and they...

telomeres and telomerase

How Telomerase Protects Chromosome Ends

Telomerase helps protect chromosome ends during eukaryotic DNA replication. When the final primer is removed, a single-stranded DNA fragment can remain at the end of the chromosome. That piece cannot be copied in the same way as the rest of the strand because there is no 3' end for new DNA to attach to. If this end piece is not replaced, chromosomal DNA is gradually lost each time a cell divides. The exposed single-stranded DNA can also trigger a DNA damage response from enzymes that detect it.

non-nuclear inheritance

Cytoplasmic inheritance explains how some traits are passed through cell structures outside the nucleus. These traits come from organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts. They do not follow the usual nuclear pattern of inheritance. Mitochondria and chloroplasts each contain their own DNA. Because of this, they can carry genetic information that affects cell function and certain visible traits. In high school biology, this topic helps explain why not all inherited traits come from...

animal mitochondrial genetics

Animal Mitochondrial DNA and Inheritance

Animal mitochondrial DNA has its own genome, separate from nuclear DNA. It is a double-stranded, closed circular molecule with about 20,000 base pairs. One strand is the heavy, or H-strand, because it is rich in guanine. The other is the light, or L-strand, because it is rich in cytosine. Compared with nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has very little non-coding sequence. It also has no introns. Its genes are packed closely together, and some even overlap. The D-loop is the main non-coding...

comparing mitochondrial, chloroplast, and prokaryotic genomes

comparing-mitochondrial-chloroplast-and-prokaryotic-genomes

How Organelle Genomes Resemble Bacteria

Mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes still keep several traits from their bacterial ancestors. They also show changes that happened after these organelles evolved inside eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells are cells with a nucleus, while prokaryotes are cells without one. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes do not bind with histone-like proteins. They also do not show the complex chromosome-like packaging seen in eukaryotes. Mitochondria and chloroplasts divide by...

export of mitochondrial and chloroplast genes

export-of-mitochondrial-and-chloroplast-genes

How Organelles Pass Genes to the Nucleus

Eukaryotic cells can carry three genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. Over time, many genes from mitochondria and chloroplasts have moved into the nucleus. In some plant species, this gene transfer is still happening. This movement has affected large parts of the genome in some organisms. About 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to come from the chloroplast's cyanobacterial ancestor. In yeast, around 75% of the genome is derived from the...

single-strand dna binding proteins

How SSB Proteins Protect DNA Strands

Single-strand DNA-binding proteins, or SSB proteins, help protect DNA during replication. When double-stranded DNA is unwound, the two strands separate. SSB proteins bind to the exposed single strands and keep them stable. These proteins bind in a sequence-independent manner. That means the order of the nitrogenous bases does not have to follow a specific pattern for SSB proteins to attach. Their binding straightens single-stranded DNA and makes it more rigid. This support may help DNA...

key terms and concepts

Learn how mitochondria and chloroplasts pass traits outside the nucleus through cytoplasmic inheritance, a key pattern in high school biology.

Cytoplasmic Inheritance in Cells | JoVE K12

molecular biology

JoVE Core 分子生物学通过清晰简洁的动画视频课程展示了细胞的分子过程。此外，在科学家在行动的视频中，这些概念的应用是通过现代实验室中的真实实验演示的。

myJoVE Corporation

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Co-activators and Co-repressors

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Master Transcription Regulators

Regulated Protein Degradation

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9-12.B.1.2.a

Cytoplasmic Inheritance in Cells

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